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Typhoon Yagi

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This article is about the 2024 typhoon. For other storms of the same name, see List of storms named Yagi and List of storms named Enteng.
Typhoon Yagi (Enteng)
Yagi at its peak intensity over the South China Sea on September 5
Meteorological history
Formed31 August 2024
Dissipated8 September 2024
Violent typhoon
10-minute sustained (JMA)
Highest winds195 km/h (120 mph)
Lowest pressure915 hPa (mbar); 27.02 inHg
Category 5-equivalent super typhoon
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds260 km/h (160 mph)
Lowest pressure916 hPa (mbar); 27.05 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities158+
Injuries889+
Missing95+
Damage>$9.32 billion (2024 USD)
Areas affectedPhilippines, Hong Kong, Macau, South China (particularly Hainan, Guangdong and Guangxi), Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the 2024 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Yagi, known in the Philippines as Severe Tropical Storm Enteng, was a powerful and destructive tropical cyclone which impacted the Philippines, China, Vietnam and Laos in early September 2024. Yagi, which means goat or the constellation of Capricornus in Japanese, is the eleventh named storm, the first violent typhoon and the first Category 5 storm of the annual typhoon season. It was one of the most intense typhoons ever to strike Northern Vietnam, the strongest typhoon to strike Hainan during the meteorological autumn and the strongest since Rammasun in 2014. It is one of the only four Category 5 super typhoons recorded in the South China Sea, alongside Pamela in 1954, Rammasun in 2014 and Rai in 2021.

Yagi originated from a low-pressure area that formed on August 30, approximately 540 km (330 mi) northwest of Palau. On September 1, the system was classified as a tropical storm and named Yagi by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). After making landfall over Casiguran, Aurora, in the Philippines, on September 2, Yagi weakened as it moved inland through the rugged terrain of the Cordillera Central of Luzon. It later emerged over the South China Sea and began merging with a secondary circulation west of Lingayen Gulf, with its deep convection starting to wrap and develop convective bands extending west and south. On September 5, the JMA reported that the storm reached its peak intensity with ten-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph) and a central pressure of 915 hPa (27.02 inHg). It subsequently peaked as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon on the Saffir-Simpson scale, with one-minute sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph). After weakening during an eyewall replacement cycle, Yagi slightly restrengthened before making landfall near Wenchang in China's Hainan Province on September 6. Yagi passed over northern Hainan and directly over Haikou, before briefly making landfall over Xuwen County in mainland Guangdong Province and moving into the open waters of the Gulf of Tonkin. It made landfall over Haiphong and Quảng Ninh, Vietnam, on September 7 and moved southwestwards inland until it was last noted on September 8.

The combination of Yagi and the southwest monsoon led to heavy rains over Luzon, causing widespread flash floods in various areas. The Hong Kong Observatory issued a Gale or Storm No. 8 warning for Hong Kong as Typhoon Yagi approached. Power outages and downed trees were reported in Hainan. In preparation for Typhoon Yagi, schools and transport services in areas in the trajectory of the storm were closed. In Vietnam, several structures including electric poles were uprooted, leading to power outages in various areas. In total, the typhoon caused at least 158 deaths, 889 wounded, and left 95 people missing, resulting in US$9.32 billion in damage across eight countries.

Meteorological history

[edit]
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The origins of Typhoon Yagi can be traced back to August 30, when the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that a low-pressure area had formed approximately 540 km (330 mi) northwest of Palau.[1][2] The broad low-pressure area began to organise and developed into a tropical depression on August 31.[3] Deep convection activity became concentrated around a circulation centre, which was in a favourable environment with excellent equatorward and poleward outflow and warm sea surface temperatures of 29–30 °C (84–86 °F).[4] On September 1, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) declared the system a tropical depression and named it Enteng, as it formed within the Philippine Area of Responsibility.[5] At 03:00 UTC that day, the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a tropical cyclone formation alert due to its low-level circulation centre becoming well-defined with formative banding in its northern quadrants.[6] A few hours later, the system was classified as tropical depression 12W, exhibiting a rapidly consolidating low-level circulation, a compact central dense overcast (CDO), and deep convective banding over the western semicircle; it then intensified into a tropical storm and was named Yagi by the JMA.[7][8] Yagi then shifted northwestwards along the southwestern edge of a mid-level subtropical high,[8] which caused its convection to be sheared to the north and left the low-level circulation centre exposed.[9]

Typhoon Yagi making landfall over Hainan on September 6

As the system progressed up the coast of Luzon island, the colder cloud tops in the CDO continued to expand,[10] and at 14:00 PHT (06:00 UTC) on September 2, the storm made landfall in Casiguran, Aurora.[11][12] Over the next six hours,[12] Yagi moved further inland into Luzon and weakened as it interacted with the rugged terrain of the Cordillera Central.[13] At 05:00 PHT on September 3 (21:00 UTC on September 2), it emerged over the South China Sea and began merging with a secondary circulation located west of Lingayen Gulf,[14] with Yagi's deep convection starting to wrap and develop convective bands extending to the west and south.[15] At around 06:00 UTC on September 3, the JMA reported that Yagi had intensified into a severe tropical storm due to warm sea surface temperatures and high ocean heat content.[16] Early the next day, both the JMA and the JTWC upgraded the storm to a minimal typhoon as an eye began to form on satellite imagery,[17] and Yagi started moving west-northwestwards along the southwestern edge of a mid-level subtropical high,[18] with a pinhole eye developing as the typhoon underwent rapid intensification.[19]

On September 5, the JTWC upgraded the system to super typhoon status with estimated 1-minute maximum sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph)—making it a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon,[20] only the fourth such storm in the South China Sea, after Pamela in 1954, Rammasun in 2014 and Rai in 2021—noting the sharply defined eye with a diameter of 17.3 miles (27.8 km).[21] The JMA meanwhile upgraded Yagi to a violent typhoon, and estimated that it peaked in intensity with a minimum central pressure of 915 hPa (27.02 inHg),[22] and 10-minute maximum sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph).[23] Later that morning,[24] it weakened as it underwent an eyewall replacement cycle, with its inner eyewall remained intact and outer eyewall weakened,[25] before restrengthening slightly and making landfall near Wenchang in Hainan Province around 16:20 CST on September 6.[26] This made Yagi the strongest typhoon to strike Hainan since Rammasun in 2014.[27] After making landfall over Hainan Province, the typhoon's structure continued to feature a 24 miles (39 km) diameter eye, a nearly complete eyewall, and spiral banding in the southern semicircle.[28] Yagi passed over northern Hainan and directly over Haikou, before making another landfall in Xuwen County, in mainland Guangdong province and entering into the open waters of the Gulf of Tonkin.[29][30] On September 7, Yagi, which had steadily reorganised and rapidly intensified again with a well-defined circulation centre and very strong convection—evidenced by a large band of cloud tops at −80 °C (−112 °F) or colder in the southern part of the system—made landfall over Haiphong and Quảng Ninh, Vietnam.[31] The JTWC described it as historic,[32] considering it one of the most intense typhoons ever to strike northern Vietnam.[33][34] Shortly after landfall, the JTWC discontinued warnings on the system due to warming cloud tops and a filling cloud eye feature.[35] Yagi continued to weaken rapidly as it moved southwestwards along the southeastern edge of a mid-level subtropical high after it made landfall,[36] becoming a tropical depression on September 8.[37] The JMA continued to monitor the system until it was last noted at 18:00 UTC that day.[38]

Preparations

[edit]

Philippines

[edit]

As the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) started to track Yagi (known as "Enteng" in the Philippines) as a tropical depression on September 1, Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal No. 1 was raised in Eastern Visayas; some parts of Bicol Region; eastern portions of Cagayan and Isabela; southern portions of Quirino and Nueva Vizcaya, and northern Quezon.[39] Shortly after Yagi became a tropical storm, the PAGASA raised Signal No. 2 for the northeastern portion of Camarines Sur, the entire province of Abra; Apayao; Babuyan Islands; Cagayan; Ilocos Norte; Ifugao; Isabela; Kalinga; Mountain Province; Polillo Islands; and Quirino, and northern portions of Aurora; Camarines Norte; Ilocos Sur; and Nueva Vizcaya. The agency also added Benguet; La Union; Nueva Ecija; Rizal; Laguna; Marinduque, some parts of Batangas; Bulacan; Pampanga; and Pangasinan, as well as Metro Manila to Signal No. 1 because of gusty winds and heavy rains caused by the storm.[40] By September 4, most TCWS signals were lowered by the PAGASA as the storm left the Philippine Area of Responsibility.[41]

Classes in Metro Manila and multiple provinces across Luzon and the Visayas were suspended on September 2 and 3.[42][43] Several domestic flights to Bicol, Cagayan Valley, Mimaropa, the Visayas and Zamboanga Peninsula were also cancelled at Ninoy Aquino International Airport, while operations at six regional airports were suspended.[44] Forced evacuations were ordered in Naga, Camarines Sur.[45] An evacuation advisory was raised for the Marikina River after water levels reached 16 metres (52 ft).[46] Salvage operations for the MT Terranova, which sank in Manila Bay and caused an oil spill during Typhoon Gaemi (locally called Carina) in July, were also suspended.[47] The Premier Volleyball League postponed the championship match of its 2024 Reinforced Conference originally scheduled on September 2.[48] The Government Service Insurance System prepared emergency loan programs for calamity-hit individuals.[49] According to the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council, 80,842 people were preemptively evacuated.[50]

Hong Kong

[edit]

On 3 September, the Hong Kong Observatory issued a Standby Signal No.1 warning over Hong Kong as Yagi approached the territory[51] at the strength of a Category 4 typhoon.[52] The following day, the Strong Wind Signal No. 3 was hoisted, and six HK Express flights were rescheduled.[53] More than 100 flights were also cancelled.[29] A Northeast Gale or Storm No. 8 signal was raised in the early evening on 5 September. All trading in the Hong Kong Stock Exchange was cancelled on 6 September.[54] The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge was also closed to traffic.[55]

Macau

[edit]
Notifications of TurboJET cancellations due to Yagi

Dozens of flights at the Macau International Airport on Taipa island were cancelled. Schools were closed and ferry services to Hong Kong Island were suspended.[56][57] All three bridges connecting the Macau Peninsula with Taipa were closed, while a Typhoon Signal No.8 warning was raised over the territory.[58]

China

[edit]

In preparation for Yagi, schools were closed across Hainan Province on 5 September and suspensions to local transport and shipping occurred the following day. The storm was expected to make landfall near Qionghai.[59] In Guangdong Province, all coastal attractions and activities were cancelled along with flights at Zhuhai Jinwan Airport.[60] More than 420,000 people were evacuated in Hainan, while nearly 500,000 others were evacuated in Guangdong. Emergency warnings were also issued in southern coastal parts of Guangxi Province.[61]

Vietnam

[edit]

The National Center for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting forecast Typhoon Yagi to make landfall in Vietnam between the Quảng Ninh and Haiphong areas.[62] In response,[63] authorities advised against fishing in hazardous waters,[64] organising outdoor gatherings,[65] and recommended strengthening home defences and inspecting dykes, especially at landing sites.[66] Twelve northern provinces ordered schools to close in anticipation of the impacts of the typhoon, covering at least 6.5 million students including in Haiphong, Quảng Ninh, Bắc Giang,[64] Nam Định,[63] Thái Bình,[67] Hanoi, Hà Nam, Phú Thọ, and Ninh Bình.[68] All coastal localities from Quảng Ninh to Nghệ An banned vessels from operating, and approximately 310 domestic and international flights scheduled for September 7 were cancelled.[67][68] Nearly 50,000 people were evacuated from coastal areas of northern Vietnam.[69]

Airports including Nội Bài (Hanoi), Cát Bi (Haiphong), Vân Đồn (Quảng Ninh), and Thọ Xuân (Thanh Hóa) were asked to temporarily suspend operations on September 7 during specific time periods.[70] By the morning of September 6, one day before the typhoon was officially expected to make landfall in Vietnam, Prime Minister Phạm Minh Chính issued an urgent directive to numerous provinces and cities as well as to the relevant ministers, urging them to take prompt action to respond to and minimise the damage caused by the storm.[71] Ferry services between the mainland and Phú Quốc in southern Vietnam were also suspended starting from September 6.[72] The Ministry of Industry and Trade instructed local authorities to stockpile essential goods for five to ten days.[73] Twelve rail routes in the North-South railway system were suspended.[74] The People's Army of Vietnam mobilised 460,000 personnel to help in disaster response.[75] A friendly football match between Thailand and Russia scheduled at Mỹ Đình National Stadium in Hanoi on 7 September was cancelled.[76]

Elsewhere

[edit]

Heavy rain and flooding warnings were issued in Laos, Cambodia and Thailand.[77][78][79] Rainfall was also expected to impact parts of Myanmar that border Laos and Thailand.[80]

Impact

[edit]
Casualties and damages by country
Country Deaths Injuries Missing Damage cost (USD)
Philippines 20[81] 22+ 26+ ≥$60.08 million
Hong Kong 0 9 0 Un­known
Macau 0 2 0 Un­known
China 4[82] 95+ Un­known ≥$9.26 billion
Vietnam 131[83][a] 761+[a] 64+ Un­known
Laos 1 Un­known Un­known Un­known
Thailand 1 Un­known 5 Un­known
Myanmar 1 Un­known Un­known Un­known
Total 158 889 95 ≥$9.32 billion

Philippines

[edit]
Yagi passing through the Philippines on September 1

Yagi, combined with the effects of the southwest monsoon, resulted in 20 deaths, 22 injuries and 26 people missing.[81] Yagi caused flooding in Metro Manila, and in the provinces of Bulacan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Laguna, Northern Samar, Pangasinan, and Rizal.[87][88] In Manila Bay, several ships ran aground off the coast of Navotas, while two others collided with each other, causing a fire on one of the vessels.[89] A barge also ran aground in Rosario, Cavite.[90] President Bongbong Marcos conducted aerial inspections of La Mesa Dam, Marikina, and Antipolo,[91] announcing that over ₱16 million (US$324,873.1) in humanitarian aid has been allocated to the hardest-hit areas.[92]

In Metro Manila, Calabarzon, and Bulacan, around 28,000 people lost electricity.[93] A state of calamity was declared in Camarines Sur, Naga City and Allen, Northern Samar due to floods caused by Yagi.[94] The NDRRMC reported that the storm impacted 2,828,710 people and displaced 80,842,[50] resulting in total damages amounting to ₱2.96 billion (US$60.08 million). This includes ₱2.26 billion (US$45.89 million) in agricultural losses[95] and ₱698.9 million (US$14.19 million) in infrastructural damage. The storm affected 7,622 homes, with 493 completely destroyed, caused power outages in 65 cities and municipalities, blocked roads in 175 locations, and rendered 31 bridges impassable.[50] Additionally, the storm damaged 37,471 hectares (92,590 acres) of crops.[95] The Ambuklao and Binga Dams in Benguet,[96] as well as the Bustos and Ipo Dams in Bulacan were opened to offset rising water levels brought by Yagi,[97] while the La Mesa Dam in Quezon City overflowed, raising concerns about flooding in the Tullahan River.[98] The Department of Social Welfare and Development reported that assistance and relief goods valued at ₱700 million (US$14.21 million) have been distributed to the impacted families.[99] Although Yagi moved farther from the Philippine Area of Responsibility, its trough continued to bring rainfall to Northern Luzon.[100] On September 4, the small asteroid 2024 RW1, provisionally known as CAQTDL2 and measuring about 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in size,[101] entered Earth's atmosphere over the Philippines;[102] it was discovered by Jacqueline Fazekas at the NASA-funded Catalina Sky Survey, though observing the resulting fireball from the ground was challenging due to Typhoon Yagi.[103]

Hong Kong and Macau

[edit]

In Hong Kong, Yagi injured nine people[104] and displaced 270.[29][105] There were 79 reports of fallen trees.[106][107] A waterspout was reported in the eastern waters of the territory on 6 September.[108] Two people were injured and ten others were displaced in Macau.[58]

China

[edit]
Streets in Haikou before and after

Four people were killed and 95 sustained injuries in Hainan after Yagi made landfall on the island.[82] Power outages affecting about 830,000 households[75] and downed trees were also reported.[109] By 7 September, 1.2 million people were still left without power.[110] Nearly all of Hainan experienced rainfall exceeding 200 millimetres (7.9 in), with Haikou recording about 525 millimetres (20.7 in) of rain.[110] Chinese authorities estimated that economic losses in Hainan reached CN¥59 billion (US$9.15 billion), while infrastructure damages totaled ¥728 million (US$112.87 million), resulting in total damages amounting to ¥59.73 billion (US$9.26 billion).[111] Around 57,000 houses were destroyed or damaged on the island.[112]

Yagi also caused flooding in Yunnan Province, affecting 814 households and resulting in the relocation of 2,130 residents in Hekou Yao Autonomous County.[113]

Vietnam

[edit]
Downed tree in Hanoi

After making landfall on September 7, Yagi killed at least 127 people, injured 752[83] and left 64 missing.[114] Forty-four deaths were caused by landslides.[115] Over 50,000 houses were damaged across the country, along with the submersion of 162,828 hectares (402,360 acres) of crops,[116] and the destruction of 1,000 fisheries.[117][118] In Hanoi, four people died, some houses collapsed, numerous more lost their roofs, and 24,800 trees were uprooted.[119][120] Power outages also occurred in Quang Ninh and Thai Binh.[29] Parts of Haiphong were submerged in 0.5 metres (1 ft 8 in) of water,[121] and one person was killed there.[122] In Quảng Ninh, four people were killed and at least 30 boats were sunk or severely damaged.[122][117]

In the northern midlands and mountainous area, water levels in several rivers reached dangerously high levels. Widespread downpours resulted in average rainfall of 400–600 millimetres (16–24 in) in provinces such as Lào Cai, Yên Bái, and Thái Nguyên, with some areas receiving nearly 800 millimetres (31 in), triggering catastrophic flooding. The deluge caused deep inundation, widespread landslides, and paralysed transport networks, isolating numerous communities. Dozens died while relief and rescue works were hampered.[123] Widespread power outages occurred in Lào Cai, Cao Bằng, and Bắc Kạn provinces, affecting several hundred thousand residents.[124] On September 8, a landslide struck Sa Pa town in Lào Cai, killing six people and injuring nine others. The following day, a passenger bus carrying 20 people was swept into a flooded stream by another landslide in the mountainous Cao Bằng province. In Phú Thọ province, damage from the typhoon later resulted in the collapse of the Phong Chau Bridge on September 9, sending at least 10 cars and two scooters into the Red River. According to Deputy Prime Minister Hồ Đức Phớc, three people were rescued while 13 people remained missing.[125][126] Floods reaching up to 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) affected Yên Bái[127] and inundated 10,000 homes.[128] Power outages affected 5.7 million people nationwide.[127] Nearly 100 factories were damaged, prompting Prime Minister Pham Minh Chinh to announce a $4.62 million recovery package for Haiphong on September 8.[112]

Casualties of Typhoon Yagi in northern Vietnam by localities
as of 18:00 GMT+7 September 10[b]
Province/Municipality Dead Missing Injured
Cao Bằng 19 36 12
Lào Cai 38 13 21
Yên Bái 37 3 10
Quảng Ninh 9 0 536
Haiphong 2 0 81
Hải Dương 1 0 5
Hanoi 1 0 12
Hòa Bình 4 0 1
Lạng Sơn 2 0 10
Bắc Giang 1 0 7
Tuyên Quang 0 2 -
Hà Giang 1 1 -
Lai Châu 1 0 -
Phú Thọ 1 8 5
Bắc Ninh 0 0 52
Bắc Kạn 0 0 2
Vĩnh Phúc 0 0 8
Thanh Hóa 0 0 2
Total 127 54 764
Source: Vietnam Disaster and Dyke Management Authority[129]

Prior to Yagi's landfall on the country, the storm killed one person, injured two and uprooted trees in Ho Chi Minh City on September 4.[84] Some roofs were blown off along with some electric poles in Bình Dương province, causing power outages in some areas on 5 September.[130] On September 6, the storm uprooted trees, roofs and signboards across the country, resulting in three deaths and seven injuries.[85][86]

Elsewhere

[edit]

Yagi also brought heavy rainfall that caused flooding in Luang Namtha Province, Laos, killing one person and forcing the closure of Luang Namtha Airport. Flooding also occurred in Bokeo Province.[131] In Thailand, six landslides occurred in Mae Ai district, killing one person and leaving five others missing.[132] Flooding also damaged 1,191 homes and 92 shops across five villages in Mae Sai district.[133] In Shan State, Myanmar, an elderly woman drowned and over 200 houses were damaged due to flooding.[134]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Includes four deaths and nine injuries prior to Yagi's landfall in the country.[84][85][86]
  2. ^ Includes people who are dead or missing due to post-typhoon landslides and floods.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Warning and Summary 301800 (Report). Tokyo, Japan: Japan Meteorological Agency. August 30, 2024. Archived from the original on August 30, 2024. Retrieved August 30, 2024.
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  3. ^ Warning and Summary 310000 (Report). Tokyo, Japan: Japan Meteorological Agency. August 31, 2024. Archived from the original on August 31, 2024. Retrieved August 31, 2024.
  4. ^ Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans, 03Z 1 September 2024 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 1 September 2024. Archived from the original on September 1, 2024. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  5. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Bulletin #1 for Tropical Depression 'Enteng'" (PDF). PAGASA. 1 September 2024. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 September 2024. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
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  32. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 12W (Yagi) Warning No. 22 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 7 September 2024. Archived from the original on September 7, 2024. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
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