Architecture of Melbourne

The architecture of Melbourne, Victoria, and Australia is characterised by a wide variety of styles. The city is particularly noted for its mix of Victorian architecture and contemporary buildings, with 74 skyscrapers (buildings 150 metres or taller) in the city centre, the most of any city in the Southern Hemisphere.

In the wake of the 1850s Victoria gold rush, Melbourne entered a lengthy boom period that culminated in the real-estate bubble of the 1880s and early 1890s. This saw the construction of a large amount of ornate, High Victorian Boom style buildings in the city centre. Melbourne's skyline subsequently transformed, becoming the first early skyscraper city outside the United States; architectural historian Miles Lewis describes Melbourne of the period as a "Queen Anne Chicago".^[1] Melbourne at this time was also second only to London as the largest and wealthiest city in the British Empire,^[2] and earned the still-quoted moniker "Marvellous Melbourne", coined by English journalist George Augustus Sala while visiting in 1885.^[3] The affluence of the period is reflected in many surviving buildings, including the Royal Exhibition Building, Australia's first UNESCO World Heritage registered building. Beyond the city centre, suburbs arose and became peppered with mansions, villas and terraces with iron lace verandahs, and many suburbs developed bustling main streets, leaving a substantial architectural legacy.

Following a financial collapse in the early 1890s, Melbourne's growth returned by the early 20th century, and continued at a more modest pace in the following decades. The Federation period of 1900-1915 saw a new crop of commercial buildings in the city centre; concerns about the likely congestion caused by skyscraper development and the influence of the City Beautiful movement saw a 132 feet (40 metres) height limit introduced in 1916 (which still allowed for ornamental towers).^[4] Suburban development of detached houses continued, in the new red brick Federation style. After the restrictions of WW1, development again resumed, with American influences now evident, such as Stripped Classical office buildings, and Californian Bungalow houses. After the interruption of the Great Depression, development again resumed about 1933, with central city commercial buildings now in the Art Deco style, and suburban development in a range of revivals, such as Spanish Mission or Old English. The development of low-rise flats in inner and middle suburban areas, which began just before WW1, continued in the 1920s in various revival styles, and increased markedly in the 1930s, usually in Art Deco style, a small boom which was abruptly terminated by WW2 in 1940.

The post World War 2 period ushered in a new boom, with the city hosting the 1956 Summer Olympics, and the lifting of height limits at the same time led to a boom in high rise office building, beginning with ICI House, completed in 1958. This boom resulted in the loss of many of the city's Victorian era buildings, which were replaced by modernist structures. Concern at the losses led to the establishment of the Victorian Heritage Register in 1974, and the heritage list now includes many notable landmarks.

Since the 2000s, the central city and neighbouring Southbank and Melbourne Docklands urban renewal areas have been the subject of a residential revival which has seen a new boom in high rise construction. Some blocks of the city are now developed to very high densities, and include the tallest buildings in Australia, including the 297m (92 floors) Eureka Tower, which was the tallest residential tower in the world when completed in 2006, and its spiritual successor Australia 108.^[5] The city has also added some notable architectural landmarks including Southern Cross Station and Federation Square.

Distinctively Melbourne styles include the many bluestone (basalt) constructions of the early colonial and gold rush era,^[6] extensive use of polychrome brickwork^[7] and a regional variation of the boom-style Victorian Italianate Filigree (decorative cast iron) terrace houses featuring excessively high and ornamented parapets^[8] from the High Victorian period and a residential style pioneered by Robin Boyd and Roy Grounds known as the post-war Melbourne regional style.^[9] These attributes are rare elsewhere.

History

Melbourne is home to the oldest building in Australia,^[10] Cooks' Cottage (1755), however the former home of British explorer James Cook was transplanted in 1934 from the English village of Great Ayton, North Yorkshire^[11] by the Australian philanthropist Sir Russell Grimwade.^[12]^[13]

1835–1850: Earliest buildings

The original inhabitants, the Wurundjeri were known to have created temporary structures called Mia-mia out of bark, saplings and timber and were observed by Protector of Aborigines William Thomas to be comfortably housed.^[14]

Melbourne was first settled by Europeans in 1835, when rival entrepreneurs from Tasmania, John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner sent expeditions looking for sheep pasture. Batman famously stated that “This is the place for a village”, generally believed to refer to the point on the Yarra River where freshwater was found (near today's Queensbridge).^[15] However Batman's Treaty was declared void by the government of the time^[16] so what was later known as the Port Phillip District was established as a squatter's encampment. The land to the north of the Yarra was a gentle valley between hills to the east and west, and riding ground to the north. Nevertheless, in 1837, government surveyor Robert Hoddle laid out a grid of streets, approximately 30 metres wide (considerably wider than Sydney streets) between the two hills and aligned with the river.^[17]

Early buildings were modest and typical of a frontier town, there were few landmarks of note. From early accounts and sketches there were few if any buildings taller than two storeys. Many were of timber construction and those of brick and stone. Almost all were built in the prominent colonial architectural style of the time, the Georgian revival. Most were detached or semi-detached buildings with gable or hip rooves and simple undecorated walls.^[18] Melbourne was early to expand and spread from the Hoddle grid along the Yarra and Maribyrnong River and Port Phillip Bay. Early buildings that survived later development can be found in suburbs such as East Melbourne, Fitzroy, Hawthorn, Williamstown, St Kilda and Heidelberg among others.

The best known surviving building from this period is the St James Old Cathedral (1839-1847), which originally stood at the corner of William and Little Collins streets in what was then the centre of town but was later relocated.^[19]

Another of Melbourne's oldest buildings La Trobe's Cottage (1839) was a prefabricated home constructed in England and transported to Melbourne. Like St James it has been relocated, though several times prior to its current site in Kings Domain.^[20]

Other English styles, including English Gothic, Jacobean Revival and Tudor Revival were also evident in some early buildings. Part of St Francis Church on the corner of Lonsdale and Elizabeth streets dates to 1842, the simple construction is Melbourne's oldest Gothic revival building, though its original form was later significantly augmented and altered.^[21] The Hawthorns, Hawthorn (1845),^[22] St Peter's Church, Eastern Hill (1846),^[23] Invergowie in Hawthorn (1846),^[24] Wattle House in St Kilda (1846),^[25] as well as Banyule (1846)^[26] and St John's Anglican Church (1849)^[27] in Heidelberg, Overnewton in Keilor (1849-1859)^[28] and Whitbyfield in Brunswick (c1850)^[29] are other examples of early Tudor revival.

Early suburban architecture exhibited a variety of different styles. For example, Charterisville in Ivanhoe (1840)^[30] is a sandstone residence with a strong association with the artists colony at Heidelberg; Wentworth House in Pascoe Vale (1842-1852)^[31] is one of Melbourne's earliest bluestone houses; Como House in South Yarra (1847)^[32] is considered one of the finest colonial era regency style homes in Victoria; Toorak House (1849) after which Toorak was named is a significant pre-gold rush Italianate mansion considered the finest in the colony;^[33] and, Manor House in Broadmeadows (1850) is a combination of Scottish residential style in bluestone.^[34]

Devonshire Arms Hotel in Fitzroy (1843) a modest Georgian style building is the oldest extant hotel in the city.^[35] Job Warehouse (54-62 Bourke Street) (1848-1849), a double storey building in the Georgian style is the oldest surviving row and typical of the era, though slightly modified.^[36] Oddfellows Hotel (1848-1850) is another early example.^[37] The John Smith Residence (1848-1852) is the oldest surviving residence built in the Hoddle grid, though the Georgian style home later had an additional storey added.^[38] A two-storey colonial regency style shop on the corner of King and Latrobe Street (1850) is recognised as the oldest known building in the Hoddle grid with an unmodified original appearance.^[39] The Duke of Wellington Hotel on Flinders Street (1850), another modest two-storey Georgian style building, is also believed to date to this era and is cited as the oldest public bar in the Hoddle grid.^[40] Another building known as the Black Eagle Hotel was built in 1850 as two storey Georgian terraces in Little Lonsdale street may have operated as a hotel from the outset.^[41] By the 1850s the city centre's early subdivisions began to fill in and consisted of fragmented rows of attached buildings, most a couple of storeys high serviced by rear laneways, a plan which helped dictate the form of many buildings in the subsequent decades.^[42]

Named the capital of the new Colony of Victoria on 1 July 1851 Melbourne even prior to the discovery of gold it was a successful settlement. Having grown mostly due to rich Victorian pastures it had operated as a busy port since 1841 and had a population of approximately 23,000. Despite being the youngest of the colonial capitals, it had overtaken all but Sydney.^[43]

1851-1880: Gold Rush era

Following this early settlement period, just after the Colony of Victoria was separated from the Colony of New South Wales in 1851, gold was discovered, and thousands of people flocked to the city from the United Kingdom, as well as Europe and the United States, to seek their fortune on the Victorian goldfields. Within a year Melbourne had overtaken Sydney as Australia's most populous settlement. As a result of the Gold Rush, Melbourne's population grew from 4,000 in 1837 to 300,000 in 1854.^[44] Approximately £100 million worth of gold was discovered in the Victorian fields in the 1850s.^[44] The gold rush was followed by a growth in pastoral wealth, the development of local industries, railways, suburbs, shops, and ports. The immense wealth generated during this period helped fund the construction of many large public buildings during this period including the State Library, Parliament House, the Town Hall, Old Treasury, Law courts, General Post Office and Royal Exhibition Building. They also include two of celebrated Victorian architect William Wardell's works: St Patrick's Cathedral and Government House.

Locally quarried bluestone (basalt) was a distinctive construction material used from Melbourne's earliest days however it became increasingly popular during the gold rush for institutional buildings due to its heavy rusticated effect and its stern, foreboding appearance. As such it was used extensively in buildings for enforcement, the military and warehousing most commonly in combination with Renaissance Italianate or ecclesiastical and educational institution buildings where it was often combined with a gothic revival style. HM Prison Pentridge (1851) is particularly notable as one of the largest gold rush era bluestone buildings as well as for its distinctive castellated Tudor appearance incorporating medieval style watch towers, arrow slits and panopticons.^[45] Other primarily bluestone buildings include the remaining wings of the Old Melbourne Gaol (1852-1854), Williamstown Timeball Tower (1852), Mac's Hotel (1853),^[46] St Peter's Church, Eastern Hill transepts (1846-1876), Victoria Barracks (1856-1872), Melbourne Church Of England Grammar (1856),^[47] St Andrew's Church, Brighton (1857),^[48] Wesleyan Methodist Church St Kilda (1857-1858)^[49] Wesley Church complex (1858-1859)^[50] All Saints St Kilda (1858-1882),^[51] St Patrick's Cathedral (1858-1939),^[52] Seabrook House (1858),^[53] St Mary's Church of England in North Melbourne (1858-1860),^[54] St Mary's Dandenong Road (1859-1871),^[55] St John's Toorak (1860-1873)^[56] Goldsborough Mort & Co Ltd warehouse (1861-1862),^[57] Victorian College for the Deaf (1866),^[58] Victorian College for the Blind (1868),^[59] St Ignatius Richmond (1867-1870),^[60] Cathedral College, East Melbourne (1869-1870),^[61] St Augustine's Church and School (1869-1929),^[62] and Wiliamstown Primary School (1878).^[63] Bluestone continued to be used in Melbourne with prominent later examples including the facade of the Carlton & United Brewery (1858-1883).^[64] Residential examples while rare, are notable, particularly Bishopscourt (1852); Royal Terrace Fitzroy (1853–1858);^[65] 115-117 Grey Street, East Melbourne (1854);^[66] 35 Hanover Street, Fitzroy (1855);^[67] Gowrie, Glenroy;^[68] D'Estaville Kew (1859);^[69] Joseph Reed's design of 157 Hotham Street East Melbourne (1861);^[70] Crouch and Wilson's design for 12 Jolimont Terrace East Melbourne (1868);^[71] G A Badger's design for 'The Opera House' at 138 Powlett Street East Melbourne;^[72] and Eynesbury Homestead at Eynesbury (1872–75).^[73] The material however proved difficult to shape to finer classical details so in many other city buildings it was instead used as foundation material due to its robust and porous property.^[6]

Terrace house developments also grew in importance, especially to house the new middle class and attached housing, including shop houses, became the dominant form. Early modes were inspired by the colonial Georgian, regency and Renaissance Revival. The most notable early example is Royal Terrace (1853-1854), a large triple storey bluestone row on Nicholson Street in the early residential suburb of Fitzroy, designed to face the reserve that would become Carlton Gardens.^[74] Royal Terrace differs from Melbourne's later terraces in its ornamental restraint and long horizontal string courses give the impression of a single continuous row with party walls expressed only at ground level. The demand for more distinguished homes led to the popularity of stucco rendering to simulate stone details. Examples of this new form are evident in Glass Terrace in Fitzroy (1854-1856),^[75] along with Clarendon Terrace (1857),^[76] Nepean Terrace (1864),^[77] and Cyprus Terrace (1867) in East Melbourne.^[78] The terrace begin to evolve into the distinctive Melbourne style consisting of high Italianate parapets to hide the roofline and rich cast iron ornament. Early predecessors include Cobden Terrace in Fitzroy (1869-1875),^[79] Rochester Terrace in Albert Park (1869-1879) part of the English style square design of St Vincent Place, and Tasma Terrace in East Melbourne (1878) by Charles Webb considered one of the finest three storey terraces in Australia.^[80]

Academic classicism was favoured for large institutions and its execution required more versatile materials with the popularity of stone and stucco features producing more elaborate but stately designs. Prolific Melbourne architect Joseph Reed's contributions include the State Library (1854-1870),^[81] Collins Street Baptist Church (1854),^[82] facade of the Bank of New South Wales (1856–1857),^[83] Royal Society of Victoria building (1859)^[84] and Melbourne Town Hall (1869).^[85] Others significant examples include: Parliament House (1855-),^[86] Victorian Trades Hall (1859)^[87] and Supreme Court Library (1874-1884).^[88] Giant order columns or pilasters along with other classical details including pediments, porticos, vaulted ceilings and entry stairs were common elements of their design. Design of large public buildings was ambitious due to the speculative nature of the gold rush. Many of the larger designs featured prominent domes, though their construction relied on future funds which would not be forthcoming. The Supreme Court Library dome, modeled on the Four Courts in Dublin is one of few original designs which was completed. Joseph Reed's original design for the State Library called for a Museum and Gallery topped by a massive neoclassical dome. Only sections of both buildings were completed and the current building features a different design completed in later decades. Peter Kerr's 78 metre high dome design for the Parliament houses were also never constructed.^[89] These features were often still illustrated in depictions of the city from the period due to the confidence that they would eventually be completed. Despite its many missing features Parliament remains one of the most impressive neoclassical structures in the city.

Melbourne's Gothic Revival was strong, particularly in early church design, but late to gain traction for other buildings, though the seeds were sown for its extraordinary later popularity. Among the first secular buildings to incorporate the style was the Old Law School Building and Old Quadrangle at the University of Melbourne (1854-1857),^[90] which set an academic theme for the entire campus that is still evident despite the later demolitions of the National Museum (1863) and Wilson Hall (1878). The Charles Webb designed Church Of England Grammar School (1856) helped establish gothic revival's popularity with the private schools and combined bluestone with impressive effect. Architects Crouch and Wilson would further promote this style in their designs for the College for the Deaf (1866) and College for the Blind (1868). Crouch and Wilson would go on to be one of the winners of a competition in 1873 for designs for primary schools (built in 1874 as Primary School No.1467 at South Yarra).^[91] Architect Henry R. Bastow, head of the building department of the Department of Education used this and the other winning designs, all in Gothic Revival schools, to create a distinctive style, and in some cases simplly repeated designs. An example of Bastow's prominent early work is Primary School No.1479 in St Kilda (1874).^[92] Bastow established a preference for polychrome brickwork which would contribute to its growing popularity but also designed in other materials including bluestone at Williamstown Primary School (1878). Bishop's Building (1877-1878) by Frederick Wyatt part of the first residential college at Melbourne University's, Trinity College, is another significant gothic revival design in polychrome brick.^[93] Faraday Street State School Number 112 (1876-1877) is one of Reed and Barnes notable early works in education but Ormond College (1879-1881) is considered their largest and finest. Despite some pre-gold rush examples, gothic was still rare as a residential style. As the popularity of Italianate styles dominated, Tudor revival had fallen out of favour. Notable exceptions include Glenfern at St Kilda East (1857),^[94] a row of houses at 39-41 Nicholson Street, Abbotsford (1858-1869)^[95] and the Joseph Reed designed 157 Hotham Street East Melbourne (1861). Gothic revival purists sought a major religious landmark for the early city, however despite the numerous spires which dotted the early skyline including those of the bluestone Wesley, but with St Patrick's Cathedral remaining incomplete, would not find a true icon until the construction of the Joseph Reed designed Scots Church (1871-1874). Built upon Collins Street hill it was considered to be one of the finest church designs in Australia. Leonard Terry's landmark two storey building in Hawthorn for the ES&A Bank (1873) is an early example of gothic applied to secular buildings and also an early commercial use of Hawthorn brick^[96] a mode of building which would become highly popular with architects over the subsequent decades.

Old Treasury, designed by John James Clark in 1857 to hold the enormous amount of gold coming from regional Victoria, is considered to be Australia's finest Renaissance Revival building.

John James Clark's Old Treasury (1858–62) is considered Australia's finest Renaissance Revival building. It features bluestone vaults intended for storing gold mined from the central Victorian goldfields. The Old Treasury, along with his Melbourne Mint (1872), Government House (1874), Victorian Titles Office (1874-1877)^[97] and Customs House (1876) inspired a brief trend of Renaissance Revival Palazzo style architecture for public buildings which was also used at 2 Treasury Place (1876).^[98] While Italianate architecture styles were outnumbered by academic classical for public buildings they would become extremely fashionable for commercial, institutional and residential architecture across the city. Institutional buildings included Victoria Barracks (1856-1872), Leonard Terry's designs for the Melbourne Club (1859) the first stage 2 storey Melbourne GPO (1861 - prior to extensions), the Royal Arcade (1870), Kew Asylum (1871),^[99] Peter Kerr designed Customs House in Williamstown (1873-1875),^[100] Leonard Terry's former Campbell Residence (1877)^[101] and Lloyd Tayler's design for the Australian Club (1879).^[102] Among the commercial buildings were the Former Commercial Bank of Australia (1867),^[103] London and Chartered Bank (1870-1871),^[104] Lloyd Tayler's Portland House (1872)^[105] and the Bank of Australasia (1876).^[106] Numerous public hotels across the city employed the style, including Young and Jacksons (1853-1861),^[107] Former Eastern Hill Hotel (1854-1856),^[108] and the Esplanade Hotel St Kilda (1878).^[109] Italianate became the favoured residential style and despite later widespread demolition the city retains a plethora of palatial examples. Viewing towers, in particular became a signal of wealth, popularised by the earlier landmarks Bishopscourt and Toorak House, others followed notably Rostella (1867 demolished 1970),^[110] Raheen (1870-1884), Government House (1871-1876), Eildon (1872) and Werribee Park (1874-1877).

Melbourne's Chinatown and nearby Little Lon district emerged during the gold rush and illustrated a significant contrast in style to the stately institutional buildings with their chaotic development among Melbourne's laneways. Portable prefabricated iron buildings were common in early Melbourne's gold rush slums and some remain especially in Fitzroy, Collingwood and Emerald Hill (South Melbourne).^[111] Melbourne's large Chinese community originated through the gold rush. Num Pon Soon (1860-1861) in Chinatown, by Melbourne architects Knight & Kerr, is a rare Australian example of Victorian architecture incorporating Chinese motifs.^[112] Another important building was the Chinese Mission for Victoria society building (1872) by architects Crouch and Wilson was constructed at 196 Little Bourke Street, its visually striking polychrome brick patterning making it a landmark of Chinatown.^[113] Further out of the city, the See Yup Society Temple (1856-1866) by architect George Wharton was another landmark to Melbourne's large Chinese community which had strong oriental influences in its design.^[114]

Joseph Reed's design for Collins Street Independent Church (1866) (now St Michael's) is notable not only as the earliest examples of elaborate polychrome brickwork in Australia (a style that became highly popular by the 1880s) but also for its unusual floorplan and tower.^[115] It was one of the few major church buildings not designed in the popular gothic revival of the time, and its elevated position on the Collins Street hill made it a major landmark of the early city until the construction of nearby Scots Church (1871-1874). Described as Lombardic Romanesque in style,^[115] it features a tall square bell tower marking an important street corner, and round Romanesque arches around doors and windows and the open cloisters in each side. The interior was designed in the form of a theatre auditorium, in accordance with the principles of the Congregationalist Church, as a place where all members of the congregation could both hear and see the preacher. It features a sloping floor with tiered seating, and a steep gallery behind a ring of high aches on slender cast iron columns, ensuring good sight lines.^[115] The polychromatic style would influence Reed & Barnes' design for St Jude's Church, Carlton later that year but applied in the gothic style with Florentine arches.^[116] Many later religious buildings across Melbourne would be influenced by these designs in the following decades.

The Royal Exhibition Building, with its UNESCO World Heritage status is Melbourne's most important building internationally. Built to host the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880–81 it went on to play an enormous part in the cultural identity of the city and resisted many attempts at its demolition. Designed by the architect Joseph Reed it is an eclectic representative of the Byzantine, Romanesque, Lombardic and Italian Renaissance styles.^[118] The dome was modeled on the Florence Cathedral, while the main pavilions were influenced by the style of Rundbogenstil and several buildings from Normandy, Caen and Paris.^[119] The building has the scale of the French Beaux Arts, with a cruciform plan in the shape of a Latin cross, with long nave-like wings symmetrically placed east–west about the central dome, and a shorter wing to the north.^[120] The Great Hall is still in beautiful condition, crowned by an octagonal drum and dome rising 68 metres, and 18.3 metres across. The dome was formed using cast iron and timber frame and has a double shell. At the crossing, windows in the drum of the dome bring in sunlight for a bright open space.

1880-1893: "Marvellous Melbourne" Land Boom era

The 1880s saw the price of land start to boom, and London banks were eager to extend loans to men of vision who capitalised on this by speculation, and grand, elaborate offices, hotel and department stores in the city, and endless suburban subdivisions. This was the growth that so astonished visiting journalist George Augustus Sala in 1885, that he dubbed the city "Marvellous Melbourne".^[121]^[122]^[123]

Most of the city's religious buildings were erected during the gold rush era and many were already quite elaborate edifices even before the rising price of land. While many churches had progressed from classical to gothic forms, High Victorian architects now had a wider range of styles from which to draw upon. However the original St Paul's church, occupying a prominent entrance to the city at the intersection of Flinders and Swanston Streets had been planned to be replaced with a large English gothic style cathedral which would become St Paul's Anglican Cathedral (1880-1891).^[124] Designed by English architect William Butterfield, it occupied a prominent site in the heart of the city on Flinders Street at the entrance of Princes Bridge making it a highly visible landmark even without its later completed spires. The interior features rich colours and strident colour contrasts, characteristic of Butterfield's work, compared to the exterior, with contrasting stripes of the very dark-coloured local bluestone. An unusual design for the period is the Sacred Heart Church (1884) in St Kilda designed by Reed, Henderson and Smart in a Baroque Italianate style.^[125] The Former Church of Christ Abbotsford (1888-1889) designed by Jonathan Rankine was modelled on Temple Church in London and presents a relatively modest Renaissance Revival frontage to the street.^[126] The Former Union Church Elsternwick (1888-1890) is another unusual boom style church in the Scottish Baronial style.^[127] Another building from the land boom period which didn't have its spires completed St Mary Star of the Sea in West Melbourne (1891-1900).^[128] The Auburn Uniting Church Complex (1890) in Hawthorn is a stunning polychromatic brick building in the Lombardic Romanesque popularised by the Uniting Church in the city.^[129]

Construction of primary schools continued across the city in a wider variety of styles, designed by the Public Works Department now headed by Bastow. Some of this notable work included St Kilda Park Primary (1882),^[130] North Melbourne (1882),^[131] Carlton Gardens Primary School (1884),^[132] Malvern Primary School (1884),^[133] City Road, South Melbourne (1884-1885) ,^[134] Middle Park Primary (1887),^[135] Yarra Primary School in Richmond (1888),^[136] and Auburn Primary School (1890).^[137] Significant education buildings by other architects included the Old Pathology Building University of Melbourne (1885),^[138] Francis Ormond Building (1885-1887),^[139] Former Melbourne Veterinary College (1886),^[140] Armadale Primary School (1886),^[141] Baldwin Spencer Building Melbourne University (1888),^[142] Former Melbourne Teachers College (1888),^[143] the University Old Physics Conference Room and Gallery (1888-1889),^[144] Lowther Hall Anglican Grammar (1890),^[145] Working Men's College - RMIT Building No.4 (1890),^[146] and the Genazzano FCJ College (1890-1891).^[147] The Former Priory Ladies School (1890) in Alma Road St Kilda demonstrates a rare shift away from the gothic idiom to the American Romanesque, following EG Kilburn's visit to the United States.^[148]

Many palatial hotels emerged during the period including a strong temperance movement and many coffee palaces constructed. These almost always featured heavy ornament and prominent towers, often in the Second Empire or Italianate styles. The largest of these, the Federal Coffee Palace, was demolished in 1973. Melbourne's other Victorian luxury hotel, The Menzies, which peaked in 1896, was also demolished in 1969. The best known survivor is the Hotel Windsor (1884) designed by Charles Webb and extended in 1888 as the Grand Coffee Palace.^[149] Other suburban examples include the Biltmore (former Albert Park Coffee Palace) (1887-1889),^[150] Hotel Victoria (1888) in Albert Park designed by Richard Speight,^[151] Canterbury Mansions (1889)^[152] and the George Hotel St Kilda (1880-1890).^[153]

Theatres became fashionable entertainment for the wealthy. While many of the city's earlier grand theatres are now demolished including the Royal and Bijou, some of the grandest from the boom era remain. William Pitt was a prominent theatre architect of the time. He designed one of Melbourne's best known theatre buildings, Princess Theatre (1886) in the Second Empire French style. The theatre is full of ornamental flourishes including domed mansard roof detailed cast iron work and gold plated statuary.^[154] Other prominent theatres to survive include Nahum Barnet's Her Majesty's Theatre (1886) in a similar style though now missing its mansard roof.^[155]

The land boom changed Melbourne's skyline, becoming an early skyscraper city and the first in the southern hemisphere being home to several "lofty piles" as they were often called during the era. With the wealth brought by the gold rush, Melbourne rapidly gained status as a major financial and commercial capital and many large banks and building societies erected impressive buildings. Most of the tall office buildings constructed during the 1880s boom have been lost (including the prominent Federal Coffee Palace and APA Building). Many other fine examples still stand today, most notably the collection of commercial gothic buildings on the corner of Collins and Queen Streets including the Australia & New Zealand Bank building known as the Gothic Bank (1883) due to its distinctive Venetian Gothic design by William Wardell^[156] as well its William Pitt designed neighbouring Old Stock Exchange (1887) and Safe Deposit building (1889).^[157] Other surviving tall towers include Lombard Building (1889),^[158] and Twentyman & Askew's 'high-rise' Stalbridge Chambers (1890).^[159] Smaller office buildings were also often elaborate. Elleker and Kilburn's Melbourne City Building (1888) is an unusual early Queen Anne design which forms a pair with the towered Colonial Bank Hotel (1888) across Balcombe Place.^[160] William Pitt's vertical gothic styled Olderfleet Buildings (1888) the first commercial gothic office building listed with the National Trust,^[161] New Zealand Chambers (1888),^[162] Record Chambers (1887),^[163] Charles D'Ebro's Queen Anne styled Winfield Building (1891)^[164] and William Pitt's highly detailed gothic revival Rialto Building (1888)^[165] with their paired towers belong to what is now known as the Rialto Group of Buildings and feature some of the most elaborate commercial gothic revival in Australia. The Nahum Barnet designed Austral Buildings (1890) continues the red brick Queen Anne theme.^[166] Renaissance Revival of the gold rush period continued to be popular even with the larger banks and socieities from the Smith and Johnson designed Melbourne Savage Club building (1884-1885)^[167] to the six storey Former Money Order Post Office (1890).^[168] However academic classicism was often seen as too restrained for the boom style and architects sometimes gave them a more baroque flavour, as in Sum Kum Lee at Chinatown (1887-1888) by George De Lacy Evans^[169] and William Salway's design for the Collins Street Mercantile Bank (1888).^[170] Suburban offices, while rare, also took similar forms. Notable examples include the ES&A Bank in Hawthorn East (1885) with its unusual step gable gothic form combined with a slate roof.^[171] Another unusual commercial building is ANZ bank in North Fitzroy (1889),^[172] a miniature version of the now demolished Australian Building. The Kensington Property Exchange (1891-1892) is another heavily ornamented piece of suburban land boom Victoriana with its corner tower.^[173] The vaulted Banking Chamber (1891-1893) of the former Commercial Bank of Australia Limited by Lloyd Tayler and Alfred Dunn is one of the most spectacular Renaissance Revival interiors in the city.^[174] Another impressive gothic office building is the Wright and Beaver designed Former National Mutual Life Association also known as A.C Goode House (1891-1893) directly opposite Wardell's gothic bank.^[175]

Along with the advancements in rail, Melbourne during the land boom underwent a period of major industrialisation. Flinders Street had benefited from construction of the old docks and turning basin and Flinders Lane in particular was a growing centre for the rag trade. Fitzroy, Collingwood, Richmond, South Melbourne and Port Melbourne emerged as major industrial areas during the period. Among the architectural legacies of the industrial era are many red brick buildings constructed as warehouses. The Cordial Factory in Fitzroy (1882) is a polychrome brick set of warehouses a style which became popular with industrial architects.^[176] The distinctive warehouses in Niagara Lane (1887) designed by George De Lacy Evans with their repetitive gables and supply cranes is one of Melbourne's laneway landmarks.^[177] The six storey Robur Tea Building (1887-1888)^[178] and five storey James Bond Store (1888) is a landmark of the former South Melbourne industrial area.^[179] The former is noted for its facade featuring classical details while the latter is noted for its simplicity. Coop's Shot Tower (1889) preserved within the Melbourne Central shopping complex which unlike many more plain buildings incorporates a castelated design and a polychrome factory building at its base.^[180] Queen's Warehouse positioned near Victoria Dock (1890) is a landmark red brick warehouse at Docklands.^[181]Another industrial landmark of the era is the Former Richmond Power Station (1891) by Charles D'Ebro with its polychromatic brick and Italianate tower.^[182]

Melbourne's tram and railway systems boomed during the period, resulting in many significant station and terminus buildings mostly constructed in red brick of the Queen Anne style. These included the former cable tram houses in Fitzroy (1886-1887),^[183] Brunswick (1887),^[184] Carlton (1889),^[185] North Melbourne (1890)^[186] and Northcote.^[187] The former Melbourne Tramway and Omnibus Building (1891) in the gothic style by Twentyman and Askew is a prominent headquarters for administration of the growing transport system.^[188] Much of the railways had been built during earlier periods and many railway lines. Many stations have since been closed or converted to light rail. Nevertheless the land boom saw several impressive new buildings planned. Plans were drawn up for major railway hubs at Spencer Street Station and Flinders Street with an 1882 Spencer Street plan clearly modelled on St Pancras railway station, however in 1883 more restrained neoclassical designs were chosen for both stations but not built, including yet another for Spencer Street in 1892 featuring a massive Italianate complex similar to the current Central railway station, Sydney. Instead funds were diverted to upgrade the suburban network which was experiencing a patronage boom. Prior to the land boom, some examples of High Victorian railway architecture include Hawthorn Railway Station (1882-1889),^[189] and Middle Brighton railway station (1882-1887),^[190] South Melbourne light rail station (1883) signals the start of the boom's impact on railway building design with its striking Queen Anne design featuring tall chimneys, gable and polychromatic brick.^[191] Jewell railway station (1884)^[192] one of a template of similar station building designs which proved popular, Windsor Railway Station (1885-1886) a Queen Anne design in polychromatic brick which features Egyptian columns,^[193] North Melbourne railway station (1886) which incorporates Victorian Filigree into the design.^[194] Newport Railway Workshops (1888) is known as one of the best preserved of its kind in the world with their gabled bays and Italianate clock tower.^[195] Perhaps one of the most interesting of the land boom stations is the former Albert Park (now Albert Park light rail station) which features a highly detailed composition of bluestone, polychrome brick, cast iron corinthian columns and vaulted interiors of stained wood.^[196] Brighton Beach Railway Station (1889) the main building is another notable polychromatic brick construction featuring high archways and chimneys.^[197] Another interesting building is one of the few remaining old buildings in Melbourne Docklands, the No 2 Goods Shed (1889-1890) with its prominent second empire clock tower, and expansive covered railway platform featuring cast iron supports is a testament to the huge industrial impact of the Victorian railways.^[198] One of the largest buildings to come out of this era is the former Former Victorian Railways Headquarters on Spencer Street (1893).^[199] The expansive Renaissance Revival style building, later modified with an additional storey and distinctive domes, is substantially intact both inside and out.

The retail sector was also growing exceptionally strongly and major department stores began to emerge centred along the ever expanding tramway network. Arcades and markets proliferated the city, while many have been demolished the most significant survivor is the The Block (1891-1893) with its magnificent arcade and baroque facades on Collins and Elizabeth Streets.^[200] It became the most fashionable place to shop in the city. The classically Renaissance Revival inspired facade of Georges Department Store (1884) on Collins Street by John Harry Grainger is an earlier example of early department store architecture.^[201] Significant commercial buildings were also being built throughout the inner suburbs including large multi-storey shop buildings in several of the major shopping strips. Numerous boom style buildings, mostly double storey sprang up in the major retail strips such as Chapel Street South Yarra, Prahran, Windsor, Brunswick Street Fitzroy, Smith Street Collingwood and Clarendon Street South Melbourne among others. George de Lacy Evans design for Lygon Buildings (1888) are notable three storey Renaissance Revival shopfronts.^[202] Those designed by John Beswicke feature striking polychromatic brickwork including Beswicke Buildings in Fitzroy (1888)^[203] and 132-142 and 144-148 Victoria Street Auburn (1891). 313-315 Drummond Street Carlton is a particularly striking examples including kangaroo-gryphon gargoyles and polychromatic florentine gothic arches.^[204] One of the largest and most spectacular landmarks, the Melbourne Fish Market (1889) was demolished in 1959 to make way for a carpark and road flyover. Retail arcades and markets were also popular in the suburbs. One of the largest markets from the era is the former Metropolitan Meat Market in North Melbourne (1880).^[205] Prahran Arcade on Chapel Street (1890) though missing its original tall mansard roof makes a striking French Second Empire statement to the street.^[206] Charles D'Ebro's Prahran Market (1891) is a prominent statement of Anglo-Dutch style with its large arched entry.^[207]

Collins Street buildings including the Rialto (1888), Winfield (1889) and Olderfleet buildings (1889)
Safe Deposit building (1889)
Lombard Building (1889)
Stalbridge Chambers (1890)
A.C. Goode House (1891)
Domed chamber of the Commercial Bank of Australia Limited (1891)
Mutual Store Building (1891)
The Block (1891)

1900s–1918: Federation

The turn of the century in Melbourne marked the federation of Australia in 1901. The 1880s landboom had been followed by an equally large crash, the collapse of building societies and some banks, and an almost complete halt in construction by 1893. Sydney fared somewhat better, grew faster, and overtook Melbourne in size and population by 1901.^[208]^[209] Melbourne remained important thanks to its status as Australia's (interim) capital city, the home of the Commonwealth of Australia. The Victorian Parliament House on Spring Street was handed over to house the parliament of Australia, while the Victorian parliament moved to the Exhibition Buildings. Economic revival in the 1900s saw a resurgence of construction. In this period, architects began to look less to England for inspiration, and more to the United States, particularly the Romanesque Revival.^[210]

A major landmark of this period was built when it was finally decided to replace the ad hoc collection of train sheds Flinders Street Station with a grand terminus. A competition was held in 1899, with 17 entries received.^[211] The competition was essentially for the detailed design of the station building, since the location of the concourse, entrances, the track and platform layout, the type of platform roofing and even the room layout to some extent was already decided.^[212] The first prize, at £500, went to railway employees James Fawcett and HPC Ashworth of Fawcett and Ashworth in 1899. Their design, titled Green Light, was of French Renaissance style and included a large dome and tall clock tower.^[211] The train shed over the platforms was intended to have many arched roofs running north-south, but this was never built. Over the next few years, the design was altered with an additional floor, and work on the station building itself began in 1905. Ballarat builder Peter Rodger was awarded the £93,000 contract and the station was originally to be clad in stone, but this exceeded the allocated budget.^[211] Red brick with cement render was chosen for the Edwardian style building. Work on the dome began the following year, and delayed construction saw a Royal Commission appointed in May 1910. The Way and Works Branch of the Victorian Railways took over the project, the station being essentially finished by mid-1909. The verandah along Flinders Street and the concourse roof and verandah along Swanston Street were not completed until after the official opening in 1910.^[213] The building has been repainted five times in its history, and the last repaint occurred in 2017. The most recent paint job was conducted to match the original colours as closely as possible, obtained through numerous samples of chipped paint which revealed the original colours after being cut in a polyester resin tube.^[214]

From 1905 there was much debate about the merit of taller buildings in the city centre, and the idea of a height limit, influenced by the City Beautiful movement, gained popularity. There was also a concern to preserve light and air at lower levels, especially in the ‘little’ streets. Eventually, as part of a suite of rules that also ensured fire proof construction, the City of Melbourne passed a byelaw mandating a 132 ft limit.^[215]^[216] It was (and still is) popularly believed that this was as high as fire ladders could reach, but in fact the longest ladder was 87 ft, and the limit was based on proportions, being 1+ 1/3 times the 99 ft main street width.^[217] This limit stayed in force until the late 1950s, ensuring an evenness to many built up streets.

Nahum Barnet was one of the most prolific architects during the period, while some of his most fantastic buildings such as the YWCA on Collins Street have been demolished, some of his distinctive Edwardian buildings remain including the landmark Alston's Corner (1903–1904) and the facade of the Former Auditorium (1912) both on Collins Street.^[218]

Other notable Federation buildings in Melbourne include Abbotsford Convent (1900-1903), Milton House (1901), City Baths (1903-1904), Empire Building (1903), St Kilda Pavilion (1904), Paton Building (1905), 3 Treasury Place (1906-1907),^[219] Dimmey's Department Store (1907-1910), Bryant and May Factory (1909), Queen Victoria Hospital (1910), Malvern tram depot (1910), Commonwealth Offices (1911–12), Luna Park (1912), Commercial Traveller's Association (1913) and Read's Stores (1914).

Gollin and Company Building (1902)
Abbotsford Convent (1903)
Altson's Corner (1904)
City Baths (1904)
Dovers Building (1908)
Queen Victoria Hospital Women's Building (1910)
Buckley & Nunn Building (1911)
Commercial Traveller's Association buildings (1912)
The Auditorium (1912)
La Trobe Reading Room, State Library Victoria (1913)
Read's Stores (1915)
Newman College (1916)

1918-1939: Interwar

The styles of the early 20th century included Federation architecture, Stripped Classical, and then art deco. The rise of the suburbs in Melbourne meant that large parcels of land could be purchased and homes could be designed in appointed styles of the land owners and home builders. One of the most popular styles was art deco, and several public city buildings were designed in this style, including the Manchester Unity Building, which mixed art deco with Gothic Revival inspired by the Tribune Tower in Chicago. The building was constructed in 1932 by the Manchester Unity I.O.O.F. in Victoria.^[220] Other buildings in the art deco style include the Myer Emporium (1920), T & G Building (1929), the Australasian Catholic Assurance Building (1935) and Mitchell House (1937)–which more closely resembles the Streamline Moderne style.^[221] These contemporary styles mirrored an increasingly diversifying city, which reflected the changing international architectural fashions. The Second World War saw a halt to construction by 1942. By the late 1940s, Melbourne boasted an array of styles the eras in which it prospered, including Victorian, Gothic, Queen Anne and the most flourishing style of the early 20th century–art deco.

Swann House (1921)
Curtin House (1922)
Capitol Theatre (1924)
Nicholas Building (1926)
T&G Building (1928)
Majorca Building as seen from Degraves Street (1930)

1940-1960s: Postwar Modernism and the International Style

The arrival of the 1950s saw contemporary high rise offices constructed and the ICI House, built in 1955, was Australia's tallest building at the time.^[222] ICI House, breaking Melbourne's long standing 132 ft height limit, was the first International Style skyscraper in the country.^[222] It symbolised progress, modernity, efficiency and the booming corporate power in a postwar Melbourne. Its development also paved way for the construction of other modern high-rise office buildings, thus changing the shape of Melbourne's already diverse urban centre. Melbourne was the first city in Australia to undergo a post-war high-rise boom beginning in the late 1950s, though Sydney in the following decades built more, with over 50 high-rise buildings constructed between the 1970s–90s.^[223]^[224] The 1950s and 1960s was a period before heritage controls were enacted, and many commentators now view these years of rampant demolition as one akin to urban vandalism.^[225] Whelan the Wrecker, the most successful demolition company, was responsible for most of the destruction of Melbourne's historic buildings. A vast number of city hotels also closed in the 1950s, as a result of blighting liquor laws, which meant that the cost of running a licensed venue outstripped the return.^[226] This may have explained the dwindling patronage of Melbourne's grand hotels in the 1950s and 60s.

1960s-1980s: Skyscraper boom

Between the late 1970s and 1980s, Melbourne's skyline reached new heights with the construction of several office buildings. Whelan the Wrecker went out of business in the early 1990s and heritage laws were tightened into the mid 1990s. In 1972, 140 William Street (formerly known as BHP House) became the city's first building to exceed the height of 150 metres and was the tallest in Melbourne for a few years. It was constructed in steel and concrete and features an imposing dark glass facade. Designed by the architectural practice Yuncken Freeman alongside engineers Irwin Johnson and Partners, it was heavily influenced by contemporary skyscrapers in Chicago. The local architects sought technical advice from Fazlur Khan of renowned American architectural firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), spending 10 weeks at their Chicago office in 1968.^[227] The design ingenuity of 140 William Street was recognised as the building became one of the few heritage registered skyscrapers in Melbourne.^[228]

The Optus Centre, which surpassed 140 William Street's height marginally, was completed in 1975. In 1977 Nauru House claimed the feat of the tallest building in Melbourne at a height of 182 metres (7,200 inches)1978, the first of the Collins Place towers were opened, at a height of 185 metres. The design of Collins Place was based around a pair of towers at 45 degree angles to the Hoddle Grid, with the triangular spaces between forming an open plaza to the street and a shopping plaza behind the towers. All open spaces are covered by a space frame, with transparent plastic roofing. The whole complex is clad in tan-coloured precast masonry panels.

In 1986, the Rialto Towers surpassed Sydney's MLC Centre as the tallest building in the Southern Hemisphere, with a height of 251 metres. At the time of its opening it was the 23rd–tallest building in the world.^[229] In the 1990s, another 9 buildings were constructed in Melbourne that exceeded 150 metres; 5 of these surpassed heights of 200 metres. 101 Collins Street, which is 260-metre-tall (850 ft), became the tallest building in Australia and the Southern Hemisphere in 1991; it was surpassed in height as a result of the completion of the nearby 120 Collins Street that same year.^[230] The skyscraper, which stands at 265 metres in height, held the titles for tallest building in Australia and the Southern Hemisphere for fourteen years, until the completion of the Gold Coast's Q1 in 2005.

Late 20th Century Postmodern movement

Melbourne's modern legacy began to give way in the 1980s with the culmination of a strong postmodern movement as many decried the continued loss of the city's cultural character and European charm.^[231]^[232] During this era, new city planning policies introduced new heritage restrictions to discourage facadism, abolishing the plot ratio policies of previous decades, instituting a 10 metre rule to preserve historic buildings, podiums and setbacks for tall buildings to integrate with historic buildings, reduce the wind tunnel effect and increase natural light to the streets.^[232]

Melbourne's strong postmodern movement goes as far back as 1960 with Roy Grounds masterplan for the Arts Centre, though his vision for Melbourne would not be fully realised until later decades. His National Gallery of Victoria (1968) was one of the first bluestone clad buildings of the late 20th Century.^[233] While some earlier 1950s modern buildings featured ornament, notably Wilson Hall (1956),^[234] Grounds design makes direct historical references instead of rejecting them. Reminiscent of a giant Renaissance Revival palazzo and surrounded by a moat, the minimalist facade is designed to feature its large cut stone "bricks". The entrance features a large stone arch above which is a Norma Redpath designed Victoria Coats of Arms classical metal sculpture. Among its various modern glass flourishes are a tactile water-wall and the Great Hall's giant stained glass ceiling designed by Leonard French, reputedly the largest in the world. The State Theatre (1984) features a massive open frame spire inspired by Paris's Eiffel Tower, originally designed as a solid copper cone. The interior, designed by John Truscott is decorated in rich red velvet and brass ornament.^[235] The Arts Centre would set the scene for a postmodern revival in Melbourne which gained momentum in the mid 1980s.

One Collins Street (1984) on a prominent Spring Street corner is seen as a landmark for postmodern Melbourne and is one of few 1980s designs to receive the Maggie Edmond Enduring Architecture Award. It was the first major project to successfully integrate the old and new, preserving and restoring a significant Victorian streetscape including Grosvenor Chambers (1888), Leonard Terry's Campbell House (1877) and a row of three storey Lloyd Tayler designed terraces (1884). One Collins' stepped form, setback style, elegantly minimilist square windows and cut stone-like texture established a strong reputation for emerging firm Denton Corker Marshall (DCM).^[236] DCM, however, upon RVIA nomination for the clearly North American palazzo inspired 91-97 William Street (1985-1987) had already begun rejecting any association with the term post-modern.^[232] While their later designs appear to reject historic references, the firm did produce two other influential postmodern buildings. Firstly their work in 222 Exhibition Street (TAC House) (1986–88) made an explicit statement against the dominance of glass curtain wall design of the late international style using open steel grill elements, scale, symmetry and a differentiated podium. The firm would later reuse similar elements in the landmark skyscraper 101 Collins Street.^[237]^[238]

Melbourne's obsession with postmodernism in the late 1980s would spawn many more heritage sympathetic CBD developments particularly in what had become known as the "Paris End" of Collins Street. 90 Collins Street (1987) by Peck von Hartel preserved a Victorian era professional building and mirroring it to create a symmetrical central entrance under a mock stone faced North American style stepped tower, a design model applied successfully by New York's similarly dated 712 Fifth Avenue. Peck von Hartel would follow with one of the most ambitious projects of postmodern Melbourne - 333 Collins Street (1990) - which not only preserved the old Commercial Bank of Australia Limited domed Chamber but its waterfall design clad in granite and its giant copper dome made a strong postmodern statement on the skyline. 333 Collins Street recreates the original facade of the bank which had been stripped off in the interwar period. The design's faceted concave and convex vertical facade and details show the strong influence from Richmond House in London built a few years earlier. Metier3 won praise from the RAIA for its design for the preserved T&G Building (1928-1939) extension (1990) which created a new extension punctuated by metal studs and balconies designed to blend into the Collins streetscape.^[239]

By the 1990s the movement was no longer just about sympathy to Melbourne's heritage character, it was about making a bold new visual statement for the city's future. Daryl Jackson's winning but incomplete 1991 designs for the Melbourne Museum with its modern interpretation of neo-classical domed structures saw him become one of the biggest influencers in the movement. Kisho Kurokawa's Melbourne Central Shopping Centre (1991) successfully bridged modernism and postmodernism incorporating the old shot tower under a modern glass cone.

Nonda Katsalidis emerged as one of the champions of Melbourne's postmodernist movement with his work on the Argus Centre which saw the partial restoration of the old Argus building. His reputation grew with the Melbourne Terrace Apartments (1993), one of the first contemporary developments to feature classical influences.^[240] The richly complex building juxtaposed elements including weathering steel and oxidizing copper details, along with muscular cut out prefabricated concrete elements evocative of brutalism. At its residential entrances were copper infused sculptures from Greek mythology.

The tall towers 101 Collins Street and nearby 120 Collins Street (1991) drew inspiration in their design from North American skyscrapers with their stepped massing culminating in prominent central towers. 101 Collins is particularly notable for the giant columns at ground level which were designed to be explicitly decorative and freestanding without bearing any load to make a bold postmodern statement, the interior also had a row of giant order columns however these were removed in later remodelling. The Langham (1991), HWT building (1991) and 530 Collins Street (1991) and Casselden Place (1992) also contributed to Melbourne's 1990s North American looking skyline vying for prominence with the modernist landmarks. Southbank Promenade designed by Denton Corker Marshall in 1990 featured smoothly cut bluestone and metal ornaments which were highly fashionable and helped revived Melbourne's southern riverfront. Southgate Shopping Centre (1992) continued the theme making extensive use of smoothly cut bluestone, with gothic and second empire references featuring a faceted facade, keystones, mansard roof, cornices, large rectangular panels of glass reminiscent of tudor casement windows, metal ornament and spiral stairs as strong historical references. These features however are set to be removed as part of an approved a $470 million Fender Katsalidis designed commercial tower redevelopment announced in 2020.^[241]

Edmond and Corrigan were seen by many to embody Melbourne's new avant garde with the prominent RMIT Building 8 (1993) in the centre of the city which was the first major postmodern CBD building to receive the Victorian Architecture Medal.^[242] ANZ's World Headquarters at 100 Queen Street (1993) similarly saw the restoration of a cluster of neo-gothic buildings including the Safe Deposit Building, Former Stock Exchange and Gothic bank by Lovell Chen (however the trade-off was demolition a substantially intact row of tall interwar buildings to make way for the new tower's podium).^[243] Storey Hall (1884) extension (1996) by ARM Architecture extended the legacy of Building 8 with what was one of the first examples of Deconstructivism in Melbourne,^[244] a style which would be later popularised by Federation Square. The result was two Victorian Architectural winning postmodern building standing virtually side-by-side along with the "The Green Brain" (2010) at Building 22 helped establish RMIT's Swanston Street frontage one of the Australia's most significant postmodern streetscapes^[245] as well as one of the most significant interiors, among its many interesting features paying tribute to the notorious abstract Melbourne sculpture Vault (1978).^[245]

Some of Melbourne's boldest postmodern statements are now lost, for example the podiums of the Grand Hyatt was remodelled in 2008. Kurokawa's original design for Melbourne Central including its podium featuring a geodesic dome, concave and large faceted oriel windows were lost to remodelling done by ARM in 2006.^[246]

One of the last great postmodern statements to the city was the Crown Melbourne at South bank, by a collaboration of architects. While Crown Towers is clearly modern in form, the promenade podium attributed to Daryl Jackson feature a juxtaposition of elements and materials. This gives the buildings massive footprint a human scale through the use of articulated podiums decorated in a variety of different textures evoking the feel of a continguous village. The design encourages the mixed-use activation of the promenade and greatly contributing to the precinct's strong pedestrian activation. It also features some of the most elaborate and decorative contemporary interiors in the city, particularly notable are the colourful and detailed Atrium and Palladium Room.^[247]

Between 1996 and 1997, a less admired Melbourne building became a target of demolition: the Gas and Fuel towers. These structures were built in the late 1960s at a time when modernisation of the city was considered favourable.^[231] The two towers, designed by Perrot and Parents, were also known as the Princes Gate Towers. As public opinion swayed back towards the desirability of 19th century heritage, the modernist Gas and Fuel Towers grew to be seen as "ugly and featureless", with no connection to the heritage that surrounded. The Kennett Government's decision to demolish the modernist towers was generally met with approval, and the towers were demolished to make way for Federation Square.

Storey Hall (1996)
101 Collins Street (1991)

1990s Modernist revival

By the turn of the 21st Century postmodernism in Melbourne fell out of favour. The 1990s saw modernists hold fast against the postmodern trend and several significant developments emerged. Planners began to repeal the rules relating to podiums and remove height restrictions, often favouring demolition and removal or as a last resort for heritage listed buildings, facadism, resulting in very few old buildings being integrated with new ones. Bourke Place (600 Bourke Street) (1991) and Perrott Lyon Mathieson's Telstra Corporate Centre (1992) were both popular among the architectural community of the time, the latter, which took out an RAIA award, almost single-handedly revived the 20th Century late modern style as so many other buildings followed suit. Several of the high profile postmodernists including Denton Corker Marshall (DCM) and Nonda Katsalidis signalled a strong shift to modernism. DCM's work on the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre (1996) and Melbourne Museum (1999) further entrenched the modern. Katsalidis Ian Potter Museum of Art (1998) and Republic Tower (1999) were among the last major examples of postmodernism in the city but also represented a strong swing toward the modern.

Demolition of historic buildings continued. A prominent example was the Hotel Australia, built in a Functionalist/Moderne style in 1939 demolished in 1989.^[248] In 2008, one of the last remaining Victorian arcades in the Melbourne CBD was demolished under approval from the planning minister at the time Matthew Guy. The decision and the rapidity of the demolition created public outrage.^[249] The building, Eastern Arcade and Apollo Hall, built in 1872, was constructed on the site of the old Haymarket Theatre. It was the third arcade to be built in Melbourne and larger than both Queen's Arcade and the Royal Arcade. The Eastern Arcade was designed by George Johnston and had 68 stores as well as an upper storey. Despite discussions held by the Melbourne City Council to preserve the building or at least its facade, the entire structure was torn down in 2008.

New millennium architecture

The new millennium saw a tighter attitude towards heritage conservation and a construction boom in Melbourne. On the back of Australia's financial and mining booms between 1969 and 1970, and the establishment of the headquarters of many major companies in the city, resulted in a continual rise in large, modern office buildings being constructed outside of the historic CBD and in newer precincts like Southbank and Docklands to preserve heritage overlays within the city centre.

The 2000s saw a continuation of skyscrapers and tall buildings with the urban renewal opening of the Melbourne Docklands in 2000 and the construction of Eureka Tower, an apartment building which is currently Melbourne's second–tallest skyscraper and the 77th tallest in the world at 92 floors and 297 metres.^[250] The glass style building was constructed by Fender Katsalidis Architects. Australia 108 is currently Melbourne's tallest building and the tallest in Australia to its roof, completed in June 2020.^[251]

Atrium inside Federation Square
SAB with a Victorian era building in the foreground
Garden Building, RMIT University

Monuments and structures

Melbourne's metropolitan area is dotted with structures and memorials dedicated to various different historical events of significance. Perhaps the most notable, located in Kings Domain, is the Shrine of Remembrance, an art deco monument originally built to honour the men and women who served in the First World War, but now seen as a symbol for all Australians involved in war. Designed by architects and World War I veterans Phillip Hudson and James Wardrop, the Shrine is built in a classical style and is based on the Tomb of Mausolus at Halicarnassus and the Parthenon in Athens, Greece.^[252] The defining element located at the top of the memorial's ziggurat roof is based on the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates. Constructed using Tynong granite,^[253] the building once consisted only of the main sanctuary which was surrounded by the ambulatory. The sanctuary contains the marble Stone of Remembrance, which features an inscription stating "Greater love hath no man". Beneath the sanctuary lies a crypt, which contains a bronze statue of a soldier father and son representing two generations, as well as panels listing every unit of the Australian Imperial Force.

Federation Square, built on a concrete deck above railway lines, covering an area of 3.2 hectares (7.9 acres), is a mixed-used development built in the early 2000s. The buildings in the square were designed in a deconstructivist style with modern minimalist shapes. The complex of buildings forms a rough U-shape around the main open-air square, oriented to the west. The eastern end of the square is formed by the glazed walls of The Atrium. While bluestone is used for the majority of the paving in the Atrium and St. Paul's Court, matching footpaths elsewhere in central Melbourne, the main square is paved in 470,000 ochre-coloured sandstone blocks from Western Australia^[254] and invokes images of the Outback. The paving is designed as a huge urban artwork, called Nearamnew, by Paul Carter and gently rises above street level, containing a number of textual pieces inlaid in its undulating surface. The square also contains a large television screen, which has broadcast a number of national addresses, including a 2007 speech from then Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, making an apology to the Stolen Generation of indigenous Australians. The square houses the Australian Centre for the Moving Image and the SBS Headquarters.

Town halls and civic centres

Each municipality in Melbourne is represented by its own town hall.^[255] The City of Melbourne's central municipal building is located on the northeast corner of Swanston and Collins Streets–it is the oldest town hall in Melbourne's metropolitan area, constructed in 1887 in Second Empire style, by the iconic local architect Joseph Reed and Barnes. The building is topped by Prince Alfred's Tower, named after the Duke. The tower includes a 2.44 m diameter clock, which was started on 31 August 1874, after being presented to the council by the Mayor's son, Vallange Condell. It was built by Smith and Sons of London. The longer of its copper hands measures 1.19 m long, and weighs 8.85 kg. The Main Auditorium includes a magnificent concert organ, now comprising 147 ranks and 9,568 pipes. The organ was originally built by Hill, Norman & Beard (of England) in 1929 and was recently rebuilt and enlarged by Schantz Organ Company of the United States.

South Melbourne Town Hall, which represented the now amalgamated areas of South Melbourne, Port Melbourne and St Kilda, is one of the second oldest town hall's and civic centres built in Melbourne, completed in 1879 in an elaborate Victorian Academic Classical style with French Second Empire features, dominated by a very tall multi-stage clock tower. The building is on the Victorian Heritage Register.^[256]

Arcades and laneways

The many laneways and arcades of Melbourne have become internationally famous. Not only to they boast national cultural significance in Australia, but they have come to collectively represent Melbourne. The abundance of lanes in the Melbourne city centre reflects the town planning of Melbourne–the Hoddle Grid, they originated as service laneways for horses and carts.^[257]^{[page needed]} In some parts of the city, notably the Little Lonsdale area, they were associated^{[by whom?]} with the city's gold-rush era slums.^{[citation needed]} Notable laneways include Centre Place and Degraves Street. Melbourne's numerous shopping arcades reached a peak of popularity in the late-Victorian era and in the interwar years. These notably include Block Place and Royal Arcade. Some notable demolished arcades include Coles Book Arcade and Queens Walk arcade. Cathedral Arcade, in the Nicholas Building (1927), was built in the art deco style and reflects Melbourne's 1920s architecture with glass domes, leadlight, arches, and shopfronts with detailed wood paneling.

Since the 1990s Melbourne's lanes, particularly the pedestrianised ones, have gentrified.^[258]^[259]^[260] Officialdom has recognised their heritage value, and they attract interest from Australia and around the world.^{[citation needed]} Some of the lanes have become particularly notable for their acclaimed urban art.

Bridges

Melbourne's positioning spanning the Yarra River, and on the coast, necessitates several water crossings. Bolte Bridge, Australia's longest bridge, is a large twin cantilever bridge that spans the Yarra, and Victoria Harbour in the Docklands, to the west of the Melbourne central business district. Bolte Bridge was designed by architects Denton Corker Marshall from 1996 to 1999 at a cost of $75 million. The bridge features two 140 metre^[261] high silver (grey concrete) towers, situated on either side of the roadway at the midpoint of the bridge's span. These two towers are an aesthetic addition by the architects, and are not joined to the main body of the bridge.^[261] Several other pedestrian bridges that cross the Yarra River, connecting Southbank to the Melbourne city centre were built between the 19th-century and the 1990s. The most notable early multi-purpose crossing of the Yarra is the Princes Bridge, constructed in 1888.^[262] A more recent example of a bridge crossing over the Yarra is the Evan Walker Bridge, completed in 1992.

The wrought-iron arch Queens Bridge, one of the oldest remaining bridges in the city, was constructed in 1889 has five wrought iron plate girder spans, and is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register.^[263]^[264]^[265] The bridge was built by contractor David Munro, and replaced a timber footbridge built in 1860.^[266]^[267] The Morell Bridge, built in 1899, is notable as the first bridge in Victoria that was built using reinforced concrete.^[268]^[269]^[270]^[271] The bridge features elaborate decorations on the three arch spans, including prominent dragon motifs as well as ornamental Victorian lights. The gutters on the bridge are cobbled bluestone, with a single lane bitumen strip running down the middle. The Bridge is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register.^[272]

Residential architecture

Like many other Australian capital cities, Melbourne's suburbs and residential architecture has been shaped by the city's extensive history–thus it is defined by a variation in style, ranging from elaborate Victorian properties to more contemporary postwar homes. To counter the trend towards low-density suburban residential growth, the government began a series of controversial public housing projects in the inner city by the Housing Commission of Victoria, which resulted in demolition of many neighbourhoods and a proliferation of high-rise towers.^[273]

Suburbs in Melbourne's east like Toorak flourished during Melbourne's gold rush era and feature remnants of the prosperous past, as does South Yarra, Malvern. As such, the city contains many homes modelled on English revival styles including classical, Italianate, Tudor and Georgian. Further out from the city suburbs like Camberwell and Caulfield are characterised by Edwardian homes and bungalows. American architects like Frank Lloyd Wright and Louis Sullivan have also had influence on the residential style of Melbourne.^[274]

Postwar Melbourne was characterised by a combination of suburban sprawl fueled by the Australian Dream and walk up flats that Robin Boyd described as 'The Australian Ugliness'.^[275] Surveys of post-war architecture tended to agree with Boyd's theory that post war, good residential architecture was extremely rare in Melbourne. The Victorian branch of Royal Australian Institute of Architects named their residential architecture award after him. The generic nature of the city's suruburban architecture has been both celebrated in such popular culture as 1980s television's 'Neighbours'^[276] but also successfully parodied, such as in the 1997 film 'The Castle'.^[277] Apartment living was generally frowned upon until the 1990s whent he Kennett state government promoted the 1992 planning policies of Postcode 3000 and the 1997 Good Design Guide for Medium-Density Housing to stimulate apartment living closer to the city.^[278] However the transformation continual loosening of planning controls to promote higher density has been criticised as resulting in even more bad architecture.^[279]

Historically, some of Melbourne's most significant residential architects have been Joseph Reed, John A. B. Koch, Frederick Romberg, Roy Grounds, Robin Boyd^[280] and Nonda Katsalidis.

Como House, South Yarra (1847)
Toorak House, Toorak (1849)
Eildon, St Kilda (1850-1872)
Bishopscourt, East Melbourne (1853)
Clarendon Terrace, East Melbourne (1857)
Glenfern, St Kilda (1857)
Overnewton Castle, Keilor (1857)
D'Estaville, Kew (1859) Knight & Kerr
157 Hotham Street, East Melbourne (1861) Joseph Reed
Labassa, North Caulfield (1862-1873)
Rippon Lea Estate (1868) Joseph Reed
Rochester Terrace, Albert Park (1869–1879)
Raheen, Kew (1870)
Rupertswood, Sunbury (1874-1876)
17 Casseldon Place, Little Lon district (1877)
Werribee Park (1874-1877)
Tasma Terrace, East Melbourne (1877)
Goodrest, South Yarra (1884)
Queens Bess Row, East Melbourne (1886) Tappin Gilbert and Dennehy
Chastleton House, Toorak (1886-1887)
Stonington, Malvern (1890)
Edzell, Toorak (1892)
Tilba, South Yarra (1907)
Belmont, Alma Road, St Kilda (1923)
The Belvedere, St Kilda (1928) William H. Merritt^[281]
Alcaston House, Spring Street (1929-1930)
Suburban home at Maltravers Road, Eaglemont (1930)^[282]^[283]
Beverley Hills Apartment Block, South Yarra (1930s) Howard Ratcliff Lawson
Newburn Flats (1939-1941) Frederick Romberg
Yarrabee Flats (1940) Frederick Romberg
Stanhill (1947-1950) Frederick Romberg
Roy Grounds House, Toorak (1952) Roy Grounds
Lind House, Caulfield (1954–55) Anatol Kagan^[284]
Walsh Street House (1958) Robin Boyd
Domain Park Towers (1962) Robin Boyd
Featherston House (1967) Robin Boyd
Park Towers, South Melbourne (1967-1968) Housing Commission of Victoria
Melbourne Terrace Apartments Franklin Street (1994) Nonda Katsilidis
YVE, St Kilda Road (2004-2006) Wood Marsh
Eureka Tower (2006) Fender Katsalidis
The Icon, St Kilda (2014) Jackson Clements Burrows
Australia 108, Southbank (2018-2020) Fender Katsalidis

Preservation Issues

The tragedy of Melbourne’s modernity culminated in the destruction of 10 landmark buildings, whose architectural heritage rivalled many mid-town Manhattan gems.^[285]
— Medium

Another venue that shaped Melbourne's early architectural form is the pub, a licensed drinking establishment traditionally built on corners within the inner-city and city centre, usually no more than two-storeys tall. In the 1920s, there were about 100 corner pubs in Melbourne but this figure diminished to 45 by the 1960s. Today there are approximately 12 operating in the CBD – including The Metropolitan, which is located on the corner of William Street, and first served beer in 1854.^[286]

In 1972, as a result of sustained pressure from the National Trust, Victorian Parliament amended the Town and Country Planning Act to include the "conservation and enhancement of buildings, works, objects and sites specified as being of architectural, historical or scientific interest". The act went onto specify the prohibition of "pulling down", "removal" or "decoration or defacement" to any such building. Because only specified sites were to be protected, the local councils across Melbourne had the task of allocating buildings and places that warranted protection. The City of Melbourne council specified the entire CBD as an area of significance in 1973. However, this blanket protection measure came unstuck in 1975 when the council was threatened with compensation payments to developers if their plans were rejected on heritage grounds, and the issue of compensation was not settled until 1982. At the same time, the Historic Buildings Preservation Act was passed in 1974, protecting at first only 100 places across the state. This was soon expanded to include many of the central city’s finest buildings, though only a handful of the commercial landmarks, and listing did not necessarily ensure preservation. In this context, as well as the many places demolished in the 1960s sometimes without a plan for a replacement, "developers white elephant schemes for central Melbourne proceeded virtually unchecked throughout the 70s", resulting in widespread loss of historic buildings.^[287] Heritage listing by the City of Melbourne did not properly occur until 1982, with the listing of about 300 Notable buildings, and large areas declared Heritage Precincts,^[288] with the added protection of the re-imposition of the height limit in the central retail area between Russell and Elizabeth Streets, and much lower limits in places such Chinatown, Bourke Hill, and Hardware Lane, which was also pedestrianised.

Controversy arose in 2016 after the historic Corkman Irish Pub in Carlton was illegally demolished overnight by developer Raman Shaqiri, resulting in the State Planning Minister pursuing an order (via the Victorian Administrative Appeals Tribunal) for the two-storey pub to be rebuilt.^[289] The site owners were fined AUD$1.325 million after pleading guilty to the process. The site of the pub, which was built in 1858 and was once called the Carlton Inn Hotel, is currently a temporary carpark.^[290]

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^ "About Lind house". LIND HOUSE. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
^ "Lost Melbourne: 10 Landmark Buildings Demolished Forever". Medium. 2 March 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
^ Lucas, Clay (7 June 2018). "Planning laws see speculators target last pubs standing on CBD corners". The Age. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
^ Annear 2005, pp. 358.
^ School of Historical Studies, Department of History. "Heritage Conservation - Entry - eMelbourne - The Encyclopedia of Melbourne Online". www.emelbourne.net.au. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
^ "Once a building is destroyed, can the loss of a place like the Corkman be undone?". The Conversation. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
^ "Corkman Pub site to become temporary park after deal struck with 'cowboy developers'". ABC. 30 May 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2020.

Literary references

Annear, Robyn (2005). A City Lost & Found: Whelan the Wrecker's Melbourne. Black Inc. ISBN 978-1-45967-670-1.
Chapman, Heather; Stillman, Judith (2014). Lost Melbourne. Pavilion. ISBN 978-1-910496-74-9.
Davies, Jenny (2008). Beyond the Façade: Flinders Street, More than just a Railway Station. Publishing Solutions. ISBN 978-1-921488-03-0.
Davison, Graeme (1978). The Rise and Fall of Marvellous Melbourne. Melbourne University Press. ISBN 978-0-522851-23-6.
Goad, Philip (2012). Encyclopaedia of Australian Architecture. Cambridge University Press. p. 543.
Griffiths, Jessica (2014). Imperial Culture in Antipodean Cities, 1880-1939. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137385-73-4.
Pennsylvania State University (1990). The history of the Liquor Trades Union in Victoria. Victorian Branch, Federated Liquor and Allied Industries Employees Union of Australia. p. 60.
Taylor, William (2005). "Lest We Forget: the Shrine of Remembrance, its redevelopment and the heritage of dissent" (PDF). Fabrications. 15 (2): 102. doi:10.1080/10331867.2005.10525213. S2CID 162193990. Retrieved 12 July 2008.

External links

[1] "New Buildings in Melbourne: The Loftiest Structures in the City". The Argus. 14 June 1888. Retrieved 29 May 2017.

[2] Cowan, Henry J. (1998). From Wattle & Daub to Concrete & Steel: The Engineering Heritage of Australia's Buildings. Melbourne University Press. p. 160. ISBN 9-780-52284730-7.

[3] "Cultural Cringe and 'The Lost City of Melbourne'". The New York Times. 16 September 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022.

[4] School of Historical Studies, Department of History. "Skyscrapers - Entry - eMelbourne - The Encyclopedia of Melbourne Online". www.emelbourne.net.au. Retrieved 19 March 2024.

[TallestRes-5] "100 Tallest Residential Buildings in the World". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2012.

[molten_lava-6] From molten lava to cobbled laneways: how bluestone shaped Melbourne's identity from The Conversation 27 June 2019

[7] Thematic history: A history of the City of Melbourne's urban environment ATTACHMENT 3 AGENDA ITEM 5.1 FUTURE MELBOURNE COMMITTEE 12 June 2012

[8] Late Victorian [1875 > 1901 house styles Heritage Council of Victoria]

[9] NATIONAL TRUST OF AUSTRALIA Heritage in Trust (ACT) November 2022 pg. 2 ISSN 2206-4958

[10] How an English cottage became Australia's oldest building by Penny Walker for the Telegraph 10 January 2019

[Cooks_Log-11] The Captain Cook Society: Cook's Log, page 212, volume 6, number 3 (1983).

[CityMelb-12] "Cooks' Cottage". City of Melbourne. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2017.

[13] "CAPTAIN COOK'S COTTAGE. :ANOTHER CENTENARY GIFT.:Mr. Russell Grimwade's Generosity". The Argus. No. 27,105. Melbourne. 1 July 1933. p. 21. Retrieved 6 September 2017 – via National Library of Australia.

[14] FIRST PEOPLES AND THE YARRA

[15] "The Founding of Melbourne, 1835". Museum of Victoria. Retrieved 12 December 2017.

[foundingdocs.gov.au-16] "Governor Bourke's Proclamation 1835 (UK)". Documenting Democracy. Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 20 July 2020.

[COM2-17] "City of Melbourne — Roads — Introduction". City of Melbourne. Archived from the original on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2008.

[18] A history of the City of Melbourne's urban environment from the City of Melbourne

[VHD-19] "St James Old Cathedral, Victorian Heritage Register (VHR) Number H0011, Heritage Overlay HO478". Victorian Heritage Database. Heritage Victoria.

[20] "La Trobe Cottage Opened". The Age. 3 December 1964. Retrieved 30 August 2013.

[sfcm-21] "Early history", St Francis’ Church, Melbourne

[22] The Hawthorns - Victorian Heritage Register

[23] St Peter's Eastern Hill Precinct - Victorian Heritage Register

[24] Invergowrie - Victorian Heritage Register

[25] Wattle House St Kilda Historical Society

[Banyule-26] "Banyule". Victorian Heritage Database. Victorian Government. 2 July 2004. Archived from the original on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2020.

[27] St Johns Anglican Church - Victorian Heritage Register

[28] State Library of Victoria photograph of Toorak House Archived 2007-09-29 at archive.today

[29] Whitby House - Victorian Heritage Register

[30] Charterisville - Victorian Heritage Register

[31] Wentworth House - Victorian Heritage Register

[Coventry-32] Coventry, C.J. (2019). "Links in the Chain: British slavery, Victoria and South Australia". Before/Now. 1 (1). doi:10.17613/d8ht-p058.

[33] Toorak House - Victorian Heritage Register

[34] Manor House - Victorian Heritage Register

[35] Devonshire Arms Hotel - Victorian Heritage Database

[36] Job Warehouse Victorian Heritage Council

[37] Former Oddfellows Hotel - Victorian Heritage Register

[38] Former John Smith House - Victorian Heritage Register

[39] Melbourne’s oldest building is set to sell for the first time in more than 100 years by Tony Moclai 12 April 2021

[40] "New life for the old Duke". 16 April 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2015.

[41] Black Eagle Hotel - Victorian Heritage Register

[Bate_1994_p.-42] Bate, Weston (1994). Essential But Unplanned. Melbourne: State Library of Victoria. p. 10. ISBN 0-7306-3598-8.

[43] The Golden Metropolis: Overview

[FOOTNOTEChapmanStillman20147-44] Chapman & Stillman 2014, pp. 7.

[45] Pentridge Prison - Victorian Heritage Register

[46] Mac's Hotel - Victorian Heritage Register

[47] Melbourne Grammar School - Victorian Heritage Register

[48] St Andrew's Church Brighton - Victorian Heritage Register

[49] Former Wesleyan Methodist Church St Kilda - Victorian Heritage Register

[50] Wesley Church - Victorian Heritage Register

[51] All Saints St Kilda East- Victorian Heritage Register

[52] St Patrick's Cathedral - Victorian Heritage Regsiter

[53] Seabrook Building - Victorian Heritage Register

[54] St Mary's Church of England - Victorian Heritage Register

[55] St Mary's - Victorian Heritage Register

[56] St John's Toorak - Victorian Heritage Register

[57] Goldsborough Mort & Co Ltd from Victorian Heritage Register

[58] Victorian College for the Deaf - Victorian Heritage Register

[59] Victorian College for the Blind - Victorian Heritage Register

[60] St Ignatius - Victorian Heritage Register

[61] Cathedral College - Victorian Heritage Register

[62] St Augustine's Catholic Church and former school - Victorian Heritage Register

[63] Williamstown Primary School - Victorian Heritage Register

[64] Carlton & United Brewery - Victorian Heritage Register

[65] Royal Terrace - Victorian Heritage Register

[66] 115-117 Grey Street, East Melbourne - Victorian Heritage Register

[67] 35 Hanover Street, Fitzroy - Victorian Heritage Register

[68] Gowrie - Victorian Heritage Register

[69] D'Estaville - Victorian Heritage Register

[70] 157 Hotham Street - Victorian Heritage Register

[71] 12 Jolimont Terrace East Melbourne - Victorian Heritage Register

[72] The Opera House - Victorian Heritage Register

[73] Eynesbury - Victorian Heritage Register

[74] Royal Terrace - Victorian Heritage Register

[75] Glass Terrace - Victorian Heritage Register

[76] Clarendon Terrace - Victorian Heritage Register

[77] Nepean Terrace - Victorian Hertiage Register

[78] Cyprus Terrace - Victorian heritage Register

[79] Cobden Terrace - Victorian Heritage Register

[80] Tasma Terrace - National Trust of Victoria

[81] State Library of Victoria - Victorian Heritage Register

[82] Baptist Church - Victorian Heritage Register

[83] Former Bank of New South Wales - National Trust of Victoria

[84] Royal Society of Victoria - Victorian Heritage Register

[85] Melbourne Town Hall - Victorian Heritage Register

[86] Parliament House - Victorian Heritage Register

[87] Trades Hall - Victorian Heritage Register

[88] Library of the Supreme Court - Victorian Heritage Register

[89] The dome that isn't there from Parliament Victoria

[90] Old Law School Building and Old Quadrangle at the University of Melbourne - Victorian Heritage Register

[91] Primary School No.1467 - Victorian Heritage Register

[92] Primary School No.1479 - Victorian Heritage Register

[93] Bishop's Building, Trinity College

[94] Glenfern - Victorian Heritage Register

[95] 39-41 Nicholson Street, Abbotsford - Victorian Heritage Register

[96] ES&A Bank Hawthorn - Victorian Heritage Register,

[97] Victorian Titles Office - Victorian Heritage Register

[98] Treasury Reserve Precinct Victorian Heritage Council

[99] "VHD". Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2016.

[100] Former Customs House - Victorian Heritage Register

[101] Former Campbell Residence - Victorian Heritage Register

[102] The Australian Club - Victorian Heritage Register

[103] Former Commercial Bank of Australia - Victorian Heritage Register

[104] Former London and Chartered Bank - Victorian Heritage Register

[105] Portland House - Victorian Heritage Register

[106] Former Bank of Australasia - Victorian Heritage Register

[107] Young and Jacksons - Victorian Heritage Register

[108] Former Eastern Hill Hotel - Victorian Heritage Register

[109] Esplanade Hotel - Victorian Heritage Register

[110] Where Chloe Once Hung By David Thompson for CBD News 18 May 2018

[111] Portable Iron Houses - National Trust of Victoria

[112] Num Pon Soon - Victorian Heritage Register

[113] Chinese Mission Church - Victorian Heritage Register

[114] See Yup Society Temple - Victorian Heritage Register

[St_Michael's-115] "St Michael's Uniting Church". Heritage Council of Victoria. Retrieved 8 June 2020.

[116] St Jude's Anglican Church - Victorian Heritage Register

[117] "Global status for our greatest building", 21 October 2002. URL accessed on 5 September 2006.

[UNESCO_World_Heritage-118] "Royal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens". United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2004. Retrieved 14 November 2018.

[119] Willis, Elizabeth (2004). The Royal Exhibition Building, Melbourne. A Guide. Melbourne, Victoria: Museum Victoria. p. 2. ISBN 0-9577471-4-4.

[REB-120] "Royal Exhibition building and Carlton Gardens" (PDF). Retrieved 14 November 2018.

[FOOTNOTEDavison1978-121] Davison 1978.

[122] "A History of the City of Melbourne's Urban Environment" (PDF). Government of Victoria. 12 June 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2017.

[123] "Marvellous Melbourne | State Library Victoria". www.slv.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 26 June 2020.

[124] St Paul's Cathedral - Victorian Heritage Register

[125] Sacred Heart Church - Victorian Heritage Register

[126] Former Church of Christ - Victorian Heritage Register

[127] Former Union Church - Victorian Heritage Register

[128] St Mary Star of the Sea - Victorian Heritage Register

[129] Auburn Uniting Church Complex - Victorian Heritage Register

[130] St Kilda Park Primary - Victorian Heritage Register

[131] Melbourne College of Printing and Graphic Arts

[132] Carlton Gardens Primary School - Victorian Heritage Register

[133] Malvern Primary School - Victorian Heritage Register

[134] ttps://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/1036 J H Boyd Girls High School - Vcitorian Heritage Register]

[135] Middle Park Primary - Victorian Heritage Register

[136] Yarra Primary School - Victorian Heritage Register

[137] Auburn Primary School - Victorian Heritage Register

[138] Old Pathology Building - Victorian Heritage Register

[139] Francis Ormond Building - Victorian Heritage Register

[140] Former Melbourne Veterinary College - Victorian Heritage Register

[141] Armadale Primary School - Victorian Heritage Register

[142] Baldwin Spencer Building

[143] Former Melbourne Teacher's College,

[144] Old Physics Conference Room and Gallery - Victorian Heritage Register

[145] Lowther Hall Anglican Grammar - Victorian Heritage Register

[146] RMIT Building No.4 - National Trust of Victoria

[147] Genazzano FCJ College - Victorian Heritage Register

[148] Former Priory Ladies School - Victorian Heritage Register

[149] Windsor Hotel - Victorian Heritage Register

[150] Biltmore - Victorian Heritage Register

[151] Hotel Victoria - Victorian Heritage Register

[152] Canterbury Mansions - Victorian Heritage Register

[153] George Hotel St Kilda - Victorian Heritage Register

[154] Princess Theatre - Victorian Heritage Register

[155] Her Majesty's Theatre - Victorian Heritage Register

[156] ANZ Bank - Victorian Heritage Register

[157] Safe Deposit Building - Victorian Heritage Register

[158] Lombard Building - Victorian Heritage Register

[FOOTNOTEGoad2012543-159] Goad 2012, pp. 543.

[160] Melbourne City Building

[161] Olderfleet - Victorian Heritage Register

[162] New Zealand Chambers - Victorian Heritage Register

[163] Record Chambers - Victorian Heritage Register

[164] ]https://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/742 Winfield Building]

[165] Rialto Building - Victorian Heritage Register

[166] Austral Buildings - Victorian Heritage Register

[167] Savage Club - Victorian Heritage Register

[168] Former Money Order Post Office - Victorian Heritage Register

[169] Sum Kum Lee - Victorian Heritage Register

[170] Mercantile Bank - Victorian Heritage Register

[171] ES&A Bank - Victorian Heritage Register

[172] ANZ Bank - Victorian Heritage Register

[173] Kensington Property Exchange - Victorian Heritage Register

[174] Former Commercial Bank of Australia Banking Chamber and Entrance - Victorian Heritage Register

[175] Former National Mutual Life Association - Victorian Heritage Register

[176] - Cordial Factory - Victorian Heritage Register

[177] Warehouses - Victorian Heritage Register

[178] Robur Tea Building - Victorian Heritage Register

[179] James Bond Store - Victorian Heritage Register

[180] Coop's Shot Tower - Victorian Heritage Register

[181] Queen's Warehouse - Victorian Heritage Register

[182] Richmond Power Station - Victorian Heritage Register

[183] Former Cable Tram House Fitzroy

[184] Former Tram Substation - Victorian Heritage Register

[185] Former Cable Tram Engine House - Victorian Heritage Register

[186] Former Cable Tramway Engine House - Victorian Heritage Register

[187] Former Northcote Cable Tramways site - Victorian Heritage Register

[188] Former Melbourne Cable Tramway and Omnibus Company Building - Victorian Heritage register

[189] Hawthorn Railway Station - Victorian Heritage Register

[190] Middle Brighton Railway Station - Victorian Heritage Register

[191] South Melbourne Railway Station - Victorian Heritage Register

[192] Former Coburg Railway Line - Victorian Heritage Register

[193] Windsor Railway Station - Victorian Heritage Register

[194] North Melbourne Railway Complex - Victorian Heritage Register

[195] Newport Railway Workshops

[196] Former Albert Park Railway Station - Victorian Heritage Register

[197] Brighton Beach Railway Station - Victorian Heritage Register

[198] No.2 Goods Shed - Victorian Heritage Register

[199] Former Victorian Railways Headquarters

[200] Block Arcade - Victorian Heritage Register

[201] Former Georges Store - National Trust of Victoria

[202] Lygon Buildings - Victorian Heritage Register

[203] Shops - Victorian Heritage Register

[204] Shops and Residences - Victorian Heritage Register

[205] Former Metropolitan Meat Market - Victorian Heritage Register

[206] Prahran Arcade - Victorian Heritage Register

[207] Prahran Market - National Trust

[FOOTNOTEPennsylvania_State_University199060-208] Pennsylvania State University 1990, pp. 60.

[209] "Marvellous Melbourne – 1880s". Museum of Victoria. Retrieved 12 December 2017.

[FOOTNOTEGriffiths201477-210] Griffiths 2014, p. 77.

[History-211] "Flinders Street Station: History of a Melbourne icon". Herald Sun. 10 November 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2017.

[FOOTNOTEDavies200820-212] Davies 2008, p. 20.

[FOOTNOTEDavies200838-213] Davies 2008, p. 38.

[214] "Flinders Street Station's new colours 'as close as possible' to original look thanks to science". ABC. 10 November 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.

[215] "CITY BUILDING REGULATIONS". Age. 24 February 1916. Retrieved 25 September 2021.

[216] School of Historical Studies, Department of History. "Skyscrapers - Entry - eMelbourne - The Encyclopedia of Melbourne Online". www.emelbourne.net.au. Retrieved 15 September 2021.

[217] "The Limited City - Building Height Regulations in The City of Melbourne, 1890-1955 by Peter Mills 1997 | PDF | Melbourne | Elevator". Scribd. Retrieved 25 September 2021.

[218] Former Auditorium - Victorian Heritage Register

[219] Treasury Reserve Precinct - Victorian Heritage Regsiter

[220] "Manchester Unity Building". The Age. Melbourne. 1 September 1932. p. 6. Retrieved 24 January 2016 – via National Library of Australia.

[221] "Mitchell House". Victorian Heritage Database (VHD). Retrieved 1 June 2019.

[environment.gov.au-222] Australian National Heritage listing for the ICI Building

[223] "Time Series Analysis of the Skyline and Employment Changes in the CBD of Melbourne" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.

[SkyscraperPage-224] "Melbourne Timeline Diagram". Retrieved 6 October 2016.

[FOOTNOTEChapmanStillman201488-225] Chapman & Stillman 2014, pp. 88.

[FOOTNOTEAnnear2005280-226] Annear 2005, pp. 280.

[227] "Former BHP House". 3 March 2000. Retrieved 10 December 2017.

[228] "Scraping the sky: Melbourne's tallest buildings since 1871". Herald Sun. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.

[229] Interactive Data – The Skyscraper Center Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved 11 November 2015.

[230] MacMahon, Bill (2001). "Melbourne". The Architecture of East Australia: An Architectural History in 432 Individual Presentations. Edition Axel Menges. pp. 171–72. ISBN 3-930698-90-0.

[FOOTNOTEChapmanStillman2014124-231] Chapman & Stillman 2014, pp. 124.

[new_face-232] Putting on a New Face. By Luke Slattery for The Age. 17 June 1988 pg 11

[233] National Gallery of Victoria - Victorian Heritage Register

[234] Wilson Hall - Victorian Heritage Register

[235] Victorian Arts Centre - Victorian Heritage Register

[236] 1 Collins Street National Trust of Victoria database

[237] Beck, Haig; Cooper, Jackie, 2000. Denton Corker Marshall Rule Playing And The Ratbag Element. Birkhäuser. p. 116.

[238] Robert Peck One Collins Street

[239] Bates Smart to refurbish Melbourne’s 1928 T&G building by Louisa Wright for Architecture Australia 11 August 2016

[240] Jackson, Davina (2000), Australian Architecture Now, London: Thames and Hudson, p. 202–205, ISBN 978-0-500-28388-2

[241] Fender Katsalidis designs elevated parks and office tower for Melbourne’s Southbank from ArchitectureAU Editorial 2 Jun 2020

[242] Gold Medal tribute Maggie Edmond by Philip Goad 31 Oct 2023

[243] ANZ to sell its old Melbourne headquarters from the Australian Financial Review 16 April 2019

[adam-244] Dimech, Adam. "Melbourne Buildings-RMIT Storey Hall". Adam Dimech Online. Retrieved 5 April 2012.

[green_brain-245] RMIT Storey Hall and Green Brain

[246] Ideas Above its Station Architecture Australia 1 Jan 2006

[247] Melbourne Casino from ArchitectureAU 1 July 1997

[FOOTNOTEChapmanStillman2014110-248] Chapman & Stillman 2014, pp. 110.

[FOOTNOTEChapmanStillman2014134-249] Chapman & Stillman 2014, pp. 134.

[250] "Eureka Sky Deck". Archived from the original on 23 December 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

[topped1-251] "Australia 108 officially becomes the tallest residential tower in Southern Hemisphere". 10 June 2020. Archived from the original on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.

[FOOTNOTETaylor2005101-252] Taylor 2005, pp. 101.

[253] Royall, Ian (11 December 2007). "Shrine of Remembrance's structure in the wars". Herald Sun. Retrieved 12 July 2008.

[254] "ABC OPEN: Melbourne's first public square". ABC. 28 June 2016. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2017.

[255] "Victorian Heritage Database". Retrieved 11 April 2018.

[256] "South Melbourne Town Hall". Victorian Heritage Database. Retrieved 10 December 2017.

[257] Bate, Weston (1994). Essential But Unplanned: The Story of Melbourne's Lanes. State Library of Victoria in conjunction with the City of Melbourne. ISBN 9780730635987. Retrieved 19 December 2018.

[258] "Melbourne's Aesthetic Turn: Coffee Culture, Industrial Chic And Global-city Elites". arena.org.au. June 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2023.

[259] "Lessons from the laneways: a love letter to the 1990s". City of Melbourne. 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2023.

[260] "How Melbourne Found its Laneways". Broadsheet. 25 July 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2023.

[dcm-261] "Denton Corker Marshall: Bolte Bridge". Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.

[262] "Princes Bridge, Victorian Heritage Register (VHR) Number H1447, Heritage Overlay HO790". Victorian Heritage Database. Heritage Victoria.

[qbhr1448-263] "Queens Bridge, Victorian Heritage Register (VHR) Number H1448, Heritage Overlay HO791". Victorian Heritage Database. Heritage Victoria. Retrieved 28 November 2011.

[264] City of Melbourne. "Bridges of Melbourne: Bridge Management Plan" (PDF). www.melbourne.vic.gov.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 July 2008. Retrieved 8 July 2008.

[265] "OPENING OF THE QUEENS-BRIDGE". Illustrated Australian News And Musical Times. No. 420. Victoria, Australia. 1 May 1890. p. 19 (NEW ZEALAND EDITION.). Retrieved 16 August 2017 – via National Library of Australia.

[her-266] "Queens Bridge (listing VICH1448)". Australia Heritage Places Inventory. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Retrieved 8 July 2008.

[267] "THE NEW QUEEN'S BRIDGE". The Argus. No. 13, 670. Melbourne. 17 April 1890. p. 9. Retrieved 16 August 2017 – via National Library of Australia.

[268] City of Melbourne. "Bridges of Melbourne: Bridge Management Plan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 July 2008. Retrieved 8 July 2008.

[269] "The Monier Bridge". The Argus. Melbourne. 21 July 1899. p. 6. Retrieved 13 November 2011.

[270] Morell Bridge at Structurae

[271] Kristin, Otto (2009), Yarra : a diverting history, Text Publishing, p. 190, ISBN 978-1-921520-00-6

[272] "Morell Bridge, Victorian Heritage Register (VHR) Number H1440, Heritage Overlay HO395". Victorian Heritage Database. Heritage Victoria.

[273] William, Logan (1985). The Gentrification of inner Melbourne: a political geography of inner city housing. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. pp. 148–160. ISBN 0-7022-1729-8.

[274] Goad, Phillip (1999). Melbourne Architecture. Watermark Press. ISBN 094928436X.

[275] Boyd, Robin (1960). The Australian Ugliness. Melbourne: Penguin Books.

[276] Heritage overlay recommended for “Ramsay Street” homes 26 September 2022

[277] ‘It’s the vibe’: 25 years on, how The Castle became an Australian classic by Kieran Pender for The Guardian 19 March 2022

[278] Kennett’s five wishes for Melbourne’s urban future by Linda Cheng for Architecture AU. 19 February 2016

[279] Flawed design for a perfect city By Jason Dowling and Cameron Houston for The Age 7 June 2008

[280] Architect Robin Boyd: The Melbourne man who has become a tourist attraction by Paul Chai for The Age 9 April 2018

[281] "The Esplanade (formerly Belvedere)". skhs.org.au. Retrieved 17 June 2023.

[282] Banyule Heritage Review 2012

[283] 16 Maltravers Road, Eaglemont - Victorian Heritage Register

[284] "About Lind house". LIND HOUSE. Retrieved 12 June 2023.

[285] "Lost Melbourne: 10 Landmark Buildings Demolished Forever". Medium. 2 March 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2023.

[286] Lucas, Clay (7 June 2018). "Planning laws see speculators target last pubs standing on CBD corners". The Age. Retrieved 8 June 2018.

[FOOTNOTEAnnear2005358-287] Annear 2005, pp. 358.

[288] School of Historical Studies, Department of History. "Heritage Conservation - Entry - eMelbourne - The Encyclopedia of Melbourne Online". www.emelbourne.net.au. Retrieved 25 September 2021.

[289] "Once a building is destroyed, can the loss of a place like the Corkman be undone?". The Conversation. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2020.

[290] "Corkman Pub site to become temporary park after deal struck with 'cowboy developers'". ABC. 30 May 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2020.

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v t e Landmarks in the Melbourne central business district
Note: this includes landmarks in the Melbourne central business district and its immediate surrounds, not the Greater Melbourne metropolitan area
Precincts	Arts Chinatown Docklands East End Government Greek Little Italy Paris End RMIT Quarter Southbank/Wharf Sports & Entertainment University of Melbourne
Entertainment	Aquarium Arts Centre Convention & Exhibition Centre Crown Entertainment Complex IMAX Melbourne Luna Park Sidney Myer Music Bowl Theatre District Zoo
Shopping centres	Block Arcade Cathedral Arcade Collins Place DFO South Wharf Emporium GPO Melbourne Central Myer Flagship Store Queen Victoria Market QV Royal Arcade St Collins Lane The District Docklands
Public museums	ACCA ACMI Chinese Hellenic Ian Potter Immigration Melbourne Observatory NGV Australia NGV International Old Melbourne Gaol Old Treasury Building RMIT Gallery
Institutions	Government House Town Hall Parliament House State Library Supreme Court Victoria Barracks
Notable structures	Arts Centre Australia 108 Eureka Tower Federation Square Royal Exhibition Building Shrine of Remembrance St Patrick's Cathedral St Paul's Cathedral Young and Jackson Hotel
Sports venues	Docklands Stadium Grand Prix Circuit Icehouse Lakeside Stadium Melbourne Cricket Ground Melbourne Park (John Cain Arena - Kia Arena - Margaret Court Arena - Rod Laver Arena) Rectangular Stadium (AAMI Park) Sports & Aquatic Centre Melbourne Sports & Entertainment Centre Parkville Stadium Royal Park Golf Club
Parks and gardens	Albert Park Alexandra Gardens Birrarung Marr Carlton Gardens Fitzroy Gardens Flagstaff Gardens Kings Domain Queen Victoria Gardens Royal Botanic Gardens Royal Park Treasury Gardens Yarra Park
Transport	Bolte Bridge Capital City Trail City Circle tram CityLink City Loop Flinders Street station Melbourne Central station Princes Bridge Southern Cross station Trams West Gate Bridge Yarra River